Ahn, N., & Mira, P. (2002). A note on the changing relationship between fertility and female employment rates in developed countries. Journal of Population Economics, 15, 667–682.
Google Scholar
Anderson, T., & Kohler, H.-P. (2015). Low fertility, socioeconomic development, and gender equity. Population and Development Review, 41, 381–407.
Google Scholar
Andersson, G., Rønsen, M., Knudsen, L. B., Lappegård, T., Neyer, G., Skrede, K., Teschner, K., & Vikat, A. (2009). Cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. Demographic Research, 20, 313–352.
Google Scholar
Bastianelli, E., and Vignoli, D. (2021). The gendered relationship between (old and new forms of) employment instability and union dissolution, Population Research and Policy Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-021-09678-z.
Becker, G. (1993). A treatise on the family. Harvard University Press.
Bélanger, A., Jean-Dominique, M., and Spielauer, M. (2010). A microsimulation model to study the interaction between fertility and union formation and dissolution: An application to Canada and Quebec, Canadian Studies in Population, 37.
Blossfeld, H.-P., and Hofmeister, H. (2006). Globalization, uncertainty and women's careers: An international comparison. Edward Elgar.
Brewster, K., & Rindfuss, R. R. (2000). Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 271–296.
Google Scholar
Brien, M. J., Lillard, L. A., & Waite, L. J. (1999). Interrelated family-building behaviors: Cohabitation marriage, and nonmarital conception. Demography, 36, 535–551.
Google Scholar
Briggs, A., & Sculpher, M. (1998). An introduction to Markov modelling for economic evaluation. PharmacoEconomics, 13, 397–409.
Google Scholar
Comolli, C. L., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P., Jalovaara, M., Jónsson, A., Kolk, M., and Lappegård, T. (2020). Beyond the economic gaze: Childbearing during and after recessions in the Nordic countries. European Journal of Population, 37, 473–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-020-09570-0.
Corselli-Nordblad, L. , and Gereoffy, A. (2015). Archive: Marriage and birth statistics - new ways of living together in the EU. In Eurostat.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2009). Incomplete revolution: Adapting welfare states to women’s new roles. Policy Press.
Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G., & Billari, F. C. (2015). Re-theorizing family demographics. Population and Development Review, 41, 1–31.
Google Scholar
Eurostat (2021). Divorce indicators, Accessed 7.1.2021. https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_ndivind&lang=en.
Fernández Soto, M., & Laplante, B. (2020). The effect of union dissolution on the fertility of women in Montevideo, Uruguay. Demographic Research, 43, 97–128.
Google Scholar
Frejka, T. (2008). Overview chapter 2: Parity distribution and completed family size in Europe: Incipient decline of the two-child family model? Demographic Research, 19, 47–72.
Google Scholar
Frejka, T., Goldscheider, F., & Lappegård, T. (2018). The two-part gender revolution, women’s second shift and changing cohort fertility. Comparative Population Studies, 43, 99–130.
Google Scholar
Goldin, C. (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women’s employment, education, and family. American Economic Review, 96, 1–21.
Google Scholar
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41, 207–239.
Google Scholar
Guetto, R., Vignoli, D., and Bazzani, G. (2020). Marriage and cohabitation under uncertainty: The role of narratives of the future during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Societies 1–15.
Hellstrand, J., Nisén, J., Miranda, V., Fallesen, P., Dommermuth, L., & Myrskylä, M. (2021). Not just later, but fewer: Novel trends in cohort fertility in the Nordic countries. Demography, 58(4), 1373–1399. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9373618
Hellstrand, J., Nisén, J., & Myrskylä, M. (2020). All-time low period fertility in Finland: Demographic drivers, tempo effects, and cohort implications. Population Studies, 74, 315–329.
Google Scholar
Hiilamo, H. (2020). Why fertility has been declining in Finland after the global recession? : A theoretical approach. Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, 54, 29–51.
Google Scholar
Hoem, J. M., Jalovaara, M., & Muresan, C. (2013). Recent fertility patterns of Finnish women by union status: A descriptive account. Demographic Research, 28, 409–420.
Google Scholar
Human Fertility Database. (2019). www.humanfertility.org.
Jalovaara, M. (2012). Socio-economic resources and first-union formation in Finland, cohorts born 1969–1981. Population Studies, 66, 69–85.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M. (2013). Socioeconomic resources and the dissolution of cohabitations and marriages. European Journal of Population, 29, 167–193.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., & Andersson, G. (2018). Disparities in children’s family experiences by mother’s socioeconomic status: The case of Finland. Population Research and Policy Review, 37, 751–768.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., & Fasang, A. E. (2017). From never partnered to serial cohabitors: Union trajectories to childlessness. Demographic Research, 36, 1703–1720.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., & Fasang, A. E. (2020). Family life courses, gender, and mid-life earnings. European Sociological Review, 36, 159–178.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., & Kulu, H. (2018). Separation risk over union duration: An immediate itch? European Sociological Review, 34, 486–500.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., & Miettinen, A. (2013). Does his paycheck also matter?: The socioeconomic resources of co-residential partners and entry into parenthood in Finland. Demographic Research, 28, 881–916.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara, M., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dahlberg, J., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P., & Lappegård, T. (2019). Education, gender, and cohort fertility in the Nordic countries. European Journal of Population, 35, 563–586.
Google Scholar
Jónsson, A. K. (2020). A nation of bastards? Registered cohabitation, childbearing, and first-marriage formation in Iceland, 1994–2013, European Journal of Population. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-020-09560-2.
Kemeny, J. G., & Snell, J. L. (1971). Finite Markov chains. New York.
Google Scholar
Kennedy, S., & Bumpass, L. L. (2008). Cohabitation and children’s living arrangements: New estimates from the United States. Demographic Research, 19, 1663–1692.
Google Scholar
Kiernan, K. (1999). Childbearing outside marriage in Western Europe. Population Trends, 90, 11–20.
Google Scholar
Kolk, M. (2019). Weak support for a U-shaped pattern between societal gender equality and fertility when comparing societies across time. Demographic Research, 40, 27–48.
Google Scholar
Kravdal, Ø. (1994). The importance of economic activity, economic potential and economic resources for the timing of first Births in Norway. Population Studies, 48, 249–267.
Google Scholar
Kreyenfeld, M., and Konietzka, D. (2017). Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, causes, and consequences. Springer.
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36, 211–251.
Google Scholar
Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 18112–18115.
Google Scholar
Lesthaeghe, R., & Surkyn, J. (1988). Cultural dynamics and economic theories of fertility change. Population and Development Review, 14, 1–45.
Google Scholar
Liefbroer, A. C. (2005). The impact of perceived costs and rewards of childbearing on entry into parenthood: Evidence from a panel study. European Journal of Population, 21, 367–391.
Google Scholar
McDonald, P. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 26, 427–439.
Google Scholar
Miettinen, A., and Rotkirch, A. (2008). Milloin on lapsen aika? Lastenhankinnan toiveet ja esteet [When is the right time for children. Expectations and barriers to childbearing] (E 34. Helsinki: Family Federation of Finland, The Population Research Institute).
Miettinen, A., Rotkirch, A., Szalma, I., Donno, A., and Tanturri, M.-L. (2015). Increasing childlessness in Europe: Time trends and country differences. Families And Societies project.
Mills, M., & Blossfeld, H.-P. (2003). Globalization, uncertainty and changes in early life courses. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 6, 188–218.
Google Scholar
Mills, M., and Blossfeld, H.-P. (2013). The second demographic transition meets globalization: A comprehensive theory to understand changes in family formation in an era of rising uncertainty. In Ann Evans and Janeen Baxter (eds.), Negotiating the life course: Stability and change in life pathways. Springer.
Mills, M., Rindfuss, R. R., McDonald, P., & te Velde, E. (2011). Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 848–860.
Google Scholar
Myrskylä, M., Billari, F. C. and Kohler, H. P. (2011). High development and fertility: Fertility at older reproductive ages and gender equality explain the positive link, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. (MPIDR Working Paper WP-2011–017).
Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H. P., & Billari, F. C. (2009). Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Nature, 460, 741–743.
Google Scholar
Mäenpää, E., & Jalovaara, M. (2015). Achievement replacing ascription? Changes in homogamy in education and social class origins in Finland. Advances in Life Course Research, 26, 76–88.
Google Scholar
Nisén, J., Martikainen, P., Myrskylä, M., & Silventoinen, K. (2018). Education, other socioeconomic characteristics across the life course, and fertility among finnish men. European Journal of Population, 34, 337–366.
Google Scholar
Nisén, J., Martikainen, P., Silventoinen, K., & Myrskylä, M. (2014). Age-specific fertility by educational level in the Finnish male cohort born 1940–1950. Demographic Research, 31, 119–136.
Google Scholar
OECD. (2021a). Education at a glance 2021.
OECD. (2021b). OECD family database [electronic resource], Accessed 10.8.2021. http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm.
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2018a). Births [e-publication]., Helsinki: Statistics Finland, Accessed 21.1.2019. https://www.stat.fi/til/synt/2017/synt_2017_2018-04-27_tie_001_en.html.
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2018b).Changes in marital status [e-publication], Helsinki: Statistics Finland, Accessed 7.5.2020. https://www.stat.fi/til/ssaaty/2018/ssaaty_2018_2019-06-18_kuv_001_en.html.
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2019). Decrease in birth rate slowed down in 2019, Helsinki: Statistics Finland, Accessed 31.8.2020. http://www.stat.fi/til/synt/2019/synt_2019_2020-04-24_tie_001_en.html.
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2021). Families [e-publication], Helsinki: Statistics Finland, Accessed 11.3.2021. http://www.stat.fi/til/perh/kas_en.html.
Perelli-Harris, B., Sigle-Rushton, W., Kreyenfeld, M., Lappegård, T., Keizer, R., & Berghammer, C. (2010). The educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation in Europe. Population and Development Review, 36, 775–801.
Google Scholar
Rotkirch, A. (2020). The wish for a child, Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2020, 18. first online: 25.11.2020.
Rotkirch, A., and Miettinen, A. (2017). Childlessness in Finland. In Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka (Eds.), Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, causes, and consequences. Springer.
Saarela, J., and Skirbekk, V. (2019). Childlessness and union histories: Evidence from Finnish population register data. Journal of Biosocial Science: 1–19.
Savelieva, K., Jokela, M., & Rotkirch, A. (2021a). Reasons to postpone or renounce childbearing during fertility decline in Finland. SocArXiv.
Savelieva, K., Nitsche, N., Berg, V., Miettinen, A., Rotkirch, A., & Jokela, M. (2021b). Birth cohort changes in fertility ideals: Evidence from repeated cross-sectional surveys in Finland. SocArXiv.
Sobotka, T. (2008). Overview chapter 6: The diverse faces of the second demographic transition in Europe. Demographic Research, S7, 171–224.
Google Scholar
Sobotka, T. (2017). Childlessness in Europe: Reconstructing long-term trends among women born in 1900–1972. In Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka (Eds.), Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, causes, and consequences. Springer.
Sobotka, T., Skirbekk, V., & Philipov, D. (2011). Economic recession and fertility in the developed world. Population and Development Review, 37, 267–306.
Google Scholar
Steele, F., Kallis, C., Goldstein, H., & Joshi, H. (2005). The relationship between childbearing and transitions from marriage and cohabitation in Britain. Demography, 42, 647–673.
Google Scholar
Surkyn, J., & Lesthaeghe, R. (2004). Value orientations and the second demographic transition (SDT) in Northern Western and Southern Europe: An update. Demographic Research, 3, 45–86.
Google Scholar
Thomson, E., & Eriksson, H. (2013). Register-based estimates of parents’ coresidence in Sweden, 1969–2007. Demographic Research, 29, 1153–1186.
Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J. (2012). The reversal of gender inequality in education, union formation and fertility in Europe. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 10, 127–154.
Google Scholar
Van De Kaa, D. J. (1987). Europe’s second demographic transition. Population Bulletin, 42, 1–59.
Google Scholar
Vignoli, D., Bazzani, G., Guetto, R., Minello, A., and Pirani, E. (2020a). Uncertainty and narratives of the future: A theoretical framework for contemporary fertility. In Robert Schoen (ed.), Analyzing contemporary fertility. Springer.
Vignoli, D., Guetto, R., Bazzani, G., Pirani, E., & Minello, A. (2020b). A reflection on economic uncertainty and fertility in Europe: The narrative framework. Genus, 76, 28.
Google Scholar
Zeman, K., Beaujouan, É., Brzozowska, Z., & Sobotka, T. (2018). Cohort fertility decline in low fertility countries: Decomposition using parity progression ratios. Demographic Research, 38, 651–690.
Google Scholar