Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Not a dream wedding: the hidden nexus between gender discrimination, climate change and child marriage

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Could climate change and child marriage be related? At first, it may seem unlikely, but if we consider the impact of climate change on poverty and income, the connection becomes more plausible. In this paper we use a structural equation model to investigate this relationship. Our results indicate that increased "climate vulnerability," as measured by the ND-GAIN index, is associated with both a direct increase in child marriage and indirect increases due to higher poverty and gender inequality. However, since climate vulnerability is highly correlated with national economics, it is possible that poverty is the underlying factor behind both child marriage and climate vulnerability itself. When we replace climate vulnerability with climate exposure (a variable based solely on the biophysics of climate change), our results remained consistent. This supports our model's premise that climate change primarily affects child marriage through its impacts on access to resources and income, which in turn affect the main drivers of child marriage: extreme poverty and gender inequality. Our findings have broader implications, as it is likely that several negative social outcomes of climate change work through similar mechanisms, i.e., an indirect impact of climate change on social variables mediated through its previous effects on economic variables.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZGgi9qCw19crelAfoaOlKciXANWnb9jy/view.

Notes

  1. The present study is cross-section. At this stage it is not possible to construct panel data due to information limitations, particularly child marriage indicators, which generally exist for one or a few years. From this point of view this is a limitation of this study because we are assuming that this indicator has little variation over time and that its variability is present mostly between countries and not within countries. Although there is evidence that the child marriage indicator has greater variability between countries than within them, subsequent studies aim to investigate this aspect more deeply would provide useful information.

  2. Estimated coefficients are standardized (i.e. they make comparable the marginal effects of the different variables; and, * = p < 0.1, ** = p > 0,05 and *** = p < 0.01.

  3. The vanishing of the direct effect is expected. As mediators have explanatory powers, it is expected that the direct effect from climate vulnerability to child marriage vanishes. For example, in the consumption function there is an empirical relation between current income and consumption, but if the theory of permanent income is correct, the effect of permanent income should be significant while the direct relation between current income and consumption vanishes. In fact, the vanishing of the direct effect is a product of the explanatory capacity of the model to unveil the explanatory factors for a particular relationship.

  4. Without doubt, this opens a huge area of discussion between social scientists who agree and those who disagree with Gary S. Becker’s claim that the ‘rational choice model’ proposed by neoclassical economists is the only theory able to unify the social sciences (Becker, 1996).

  5. It is interesting to briefly discuss our results here in the context of a number of theoretical studies that have hypothesized the future impact of global warming (climate change) on total factor productivity (Dietz & Stern 2015; Moore & Diaz, 2015; Moyer et al., 2014; Stern, 2007, 2013). Additionally, recent literature has empirically estimated the negative effects of increased temperatures on total factor productivity (TFP) through its negative impacts on labor and capital productivities (Adhvaryu et al., 2014; Aghion and Durlauf, 2005; Burke et al., 2015; Chen & Yang, 2017; Corno et al., 2020; Dell et al., 2012; Deryugina & Hsiang, 2014; Letta and Tol, 2019; Somanathan et al., 2015; Syverson, 2011). All these theoretical insights as well as the available empirical evidence clearly indicate that aggregate income is negatively affected as a country is more vulnerable to climate change, a theoretical implication and an already detected empirical fact which we have corroborated in this paper by the regressions we have performed with our sample of 208 countries, and that confirm the previous results of Dogru et al. (2019), Kling et al, (2021) and Corno et al. (2020). In addition we have empirically shown here that reductions of a county’s aggregate income increase gender discrimination by the mechanism affecting social levels (Taylor et al., 2019) and extreme poverty (a fact well documented by the trickle-down theory (Zidar, 2018). Finally, we have also shown that both variables, extreme poverty, and gender discrimination, are highly correlated with child marriages of boys and girls of less than18 years old, although in a lesser extend for the case of extreme poverty in the case of marriages of children of 15 years of age or younger.

References

  • Adhvaryu, A., Kala, N., & Nyshadham, A. (2020). The light and the heat: productivity co-benefits of energy-saving technology. Review of Economics and Statistics., 102(4), 779–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Affuso, E. (2019). Consumer welfare and climate change in Greenland. Energy Econ., 84, 104505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aghion, P. & Durlauf, S. (2005). Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1, Elsevier.

  • Ahmed, K. J., Haq, S. M. A., & Bartiaux, F. (2019). The nexus between extreme weather events, sexual violence, and early marriage: A study of vulnerable populations in Bangladesh. Population and Environment, 40, 303–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, K. L., Delamater, P. L., Boules, C. R., Upperman, C. R., & Mitchell, C. S. (2015). Vulnerable populations perceive their health as at risk from climate change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12), 15419–15433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhter, S. R., Sarkar, R. K., Dutta, M., et al. (2015). Issues with families and children in a disaster context: A qualitative perspective from rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 13, 313–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akinsemolu, A. A., & Obafemi, O. A. P. (2019). The vulnerability of women to climate change in coastal regions of Nigeria: A case of the Ilaje community in Ondo state. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 119015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akseer, N., Kamali, M., Arifeen, S. E., Malik, A., Bhatti, Z., Thacker, N., Maksey, M., D’Silva, H., Da Silva, I. C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Progress in maternal and child health: How has South Asia fared? BMJ, 11, 357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, M., Whittenbury, K., Haynes, A., & Godden, N. (2014). Are climate challenges reinforcing child and forced marriage and dowry as adaptation strategies in the context of Bangladesh? Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, 137–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asadullah, M. N., Islam, K. M., & Wahhaj, Z. (2021). Child marriage, climate vulnerability and natural disasters in coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science., 53(6), 948–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. (1996). Accounting for Tastes. Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Benevolenza, M. A., & DeRigne, L. (2019). The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(2), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1527739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom, T. C., & Bagnoli, M. (1993). Courtship as a waiting game. Journal of Political Economy, 101(1), 185–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhadwal, S., Sharma, G., Gorti, G., & Sen, S. M. (2019). Livelihoods, gender and climate change in the Eastern himalayas. Environmental Development, 31, 68–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M., Dykema, J., Lobell, D. B., Miguel, E., & Shanker, S. (2015). Incorporating Climate Uncertainty into Estimates of Climate Change Impacts. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(2), 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, T. A., & Hsiang, S. M. (2016). Social and economic impacts of climate. Science, 353(6304), aad9837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C., Noble, I., Hellmann, J., Coffee, J., Murillo, M. & Chawla, N. (2015). University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index Country Index. In planet.botany.uwc.ac.za. Retrieved from http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/ESS_2017/ESS_211/Notes/nd-gain_technical_document_2015_do_not_print.doc

  • Chen, X., & Yang, L. (2017). Temperature and industrial output: Firm-level evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 95, 257–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corno, L. & Voena, A. (2016). Selling daughters: age of marriage, income shocks and the bride price tradition. IFS Working Papers W16/08, Institute for Fiscal Studies.

  • Corno, L., Hildebrandt, N., & Voena, A. (2020). Age of marriage, weather shocks, and the direction of marriage payments. Econometrica, 88, 879–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2012). Temperature shocks and economic growth: Evidence from the last half century. American Economic Journal Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deryugina, T. & Hsiang, S. M. (2014). Does The EnvironmentStill Matter? Daily Temperature And Income In The United States. NBERWorking Paper 20750.

  • Dietz, S., & Stern, N. (2015). Endogenous growth, convexity of damage and climate risk: How nordhaus’ framework supports deep cuts in carbon emissions. The Economic Journal., 125(583), 574–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogru, T., Marchio, E. A., Bulut, U., & Suess, C. (2019). Climate change: Vulnerability and resilience of tourism and the entire economy. Tourism Management, 72, 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2018.12.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, F. C., Rao, S. & Radney, A. R. (2023). Association between child, early, and forced marriage and extreme weather events: A mixed-methods systematic review. International Social Work, 00208728231186006.

  • Durston, Z. (2020). Childhood and well-being in Bangladesh: A focus on gender inequalities child marriage and climate change. The Plymouth Institute of Education Online Journal, 1(1), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastin, J. (2018). Climate change and gender equality in developing states. World Development, 107, 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esho, T., Komba, E., Richard, F., et al. (2021). Intersections between climate change and female genital mutilation among the Maasai of Kajiado County Kenya. Journal of Global Health, 11, 04033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattah, K. N., & Camellia, S. (2022). Poverty, dowry and the good match: Revisiting community perceptions and practices of child marriage in a rural setting in Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science., 54(1), 39–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferdous, J., & Mallick, D. (2019). Norms, practices, and gendered vulnerabilities in the lower Teesta basin, Bangladesh. Environmental Development, 31, 88–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, N. T., & Michaelsen, M. M. (2015). Money changes everything? Education and regional deprivation revisited. Economics of Education Review, 48, 129–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortunato, A., Herwartz, H., López, R. E., & Figueroa, B. E. (2022). Carbon dioxide atmospheric con- centration and hydrometeorological disasters. Natural Hazards, 112(1), 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, A. J. (2013). Association of child marriage with suicidal thoughts and attempts among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 654–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallegatte, S., Fay, M., & Barbier, E. B. (2018). Poverty and climate change: Introduction. Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), 217–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossen, M. A., Benson, D., Hossain, S. Z., et al. (2021). Gendered perspectives on climate change adaptation: A quest for social sustainability in Badlagaree Village Bangladesh. Water, 13(14), 1922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hotchkiss, D. R., Godha, D., Gage, A. J., & Cappa, C. (2016). Risk factors associated with the practice of child marriage among Roma girls in Serbia. BMC International Health and Human Rights., 16, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HRW. (2015). Marry before your house is swept away—child marriage in Bangladesh. Human Rights Watch.

  • Iliyasu, J., Mamman, S. O., & Ahmed, U. A. (2023). Impact of climate change on output and inflation in Africa’s largest economies. Climate and Development, 15(10), 864–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel. In Genebra Suíça. https://doi.org/10.1256/004316502320517344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J. A., & Gray, C. L. (2017). Climate and marriage in the Netherlands, 1871–1937. Population and Environment, 38, 242–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, A., & Lansford, J. E. (2023). State-level legal and sociodemographic correlates of child marriage rates in the United States. Children Youth Services Review, 1(145), 106798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, Ç. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Psychology Press.

  • Karam, A. (2015). Faith-inspired initiatives to tackle the social determinants of child marriage. The Review of Faith International Affairs, 13(3), 59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kling, G., Volz, U., Murinde, V., & Ayas, S. (2021). The impact of climate vulnerability on firms cost of capital and access to finance. World Development, 137, 105131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohno, A., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Dahlui, M., Nik Farid, N. D., & Nakayama, T. (2020). Investigation of the key factors that influence the girls to enter into child marriage: A meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0235959.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koski, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Child marriage in the United States: How common is the practice, and which children are at greatest risk? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 50(2), 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumala Dewi, L. P. R., & Dartanto, T. (2019). Natural disasters and girls vulnerability: Is child marriage a coping strategy of economic shocks in Indonesia? Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14(1), 24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, G. W., Vine, K., Atkinson, A. R., Tong, M., Longman, J., Barratt, A., Bailie, R., Vardoulakis, S., Matthews, V., & Rahman, K. M. (2023). Impacts of climate change on health and health services in Northern New South Wales, Australia: A rapid review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(13), 6285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letta, M., & Tol, R. S. J. (2019). Weather, climate and total factor productivity. Environmental & Resource Economics, 73, 283–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Male, C., & Wodon, Q. (2018). Girls’ education and child marriage in west and central Africa: Trends, impacts, costs, and solutions. Forum for Social Economics, 47(2), 262–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, A., Warner, A., McGonagle, A. & Lee-Rife, S. (2011). Solutions to end child marriage. International Center for Research on Woman. 34.

  • Markkanen, S., & Anger-Kraavi, A. (2019). Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality. Climate Policy., 19(7), 827–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClendon, D. & Sandstrom, A. (2016). Child marriage is rare in the U.S., though this varies by state. PEW Research Center.

  • Melnikas, A. J., Ainul, S., Ehsan, I., Haque, E., & Amin, S. (2020). Child marriage practices among the Rohingya in Bangladesh. Conflict and Health, 14(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S., Ziervogel, G., Walker, B., Birkmann, J., Van der Leeuw, S., Rockström, J., & Hinkel, J. (2010). Resilience and vulnerability complementary or conflicting concepts. Ecology and Society., 15(3), 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, F. C., & Diaz, D. B. (2015). Temperature impacts on economic growth warrant stringent mitigation policy. Nat Clim Change, 5(2), 127–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, E. J., Woolley, M. D., Glotter, M., & Weisbach, D. A. (2014). "Climate impacts on economic growth as drivers of uncertainty in the social cost of carbon. J. Legal Stud, 43(2), 401–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ND-GAIN. 2017. Country Index Data.@@@@

  • Nguyen, M. C., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Global and regional trends in child marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 6–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, A. (2010). Drought, drop out and early marriage: Feeling the effects of climate change in East Africa. Equals: Newsletter for beyond Access 24: 6. Available at: http://www.e4conference.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Equals24.pdf

  • Nour, N. M. (2006). Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644–1649. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nour, N. M. (2009). Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue. Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2(1), 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S. (2016). Physical or sexual violence against women of childbearing age within marriage in Nepal: Prevalence, causes, and prevention strategies. International Social Work, 59(6), 803–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872814537857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S. (2017). Persistent nature of child marriage among women even when it is illegal: The case of Nepal. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2016.12.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic impacts of child marriage: A review of the literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, E. F. (2019). Equity and gender. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Polly, A., Chanda, S. K., & Roy, T. (2022). Response to extreme climatic event: A case study of coastal community from southeast Bangladesh. Khulna University Studies, 17, 89–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, D. H., McMullen, H., Baschieri, A., Philipose, A., Udeh, C., Diallo, J., & McCoy, D. (2023). What is the current evidence for the relationship between the climate and environmental crises and child marriage? A scoping review. Global Public Health., 18(1), 2095655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raj, A. (2010). When the mother is a child: The impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95(11), 931–935. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.178707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries. Violence against Women, 19(4), 536–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutty, M., Scott, D., Johnson, P., Pons, M., Steiger, R., & Vilella, M. (2017). Using ski industry response to climatic variability to assess climate change risk: An analogue study in Eastern Canada. Tourism Management., 1(58), 196–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, S., Ebi, K. L., & Hess, J. (2019). Climate change, human health, and social stability: Addressing interlinkages. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(4), 45002. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Servin, A. E., Strathdee, S., Muñoz, F. A., Vera, A., Rangel, G., & Silverman, J. G. (2015). Vulnerabilities faced by the children of sex workers in two Mexico–US border cities: A retrospective study on sexual violence, substance use and HIV risk. AIDS Care, 27(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.946384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seth, R., Bose, V., Qaiyum, Y., Chandrashekhar, R., Kansal, S., Taneja, I., & Seth, T. (2018). Social determinants of child marriage in rural India. Ochsner Journal, 18(4), 390–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smit, Barry, Ian Burton, Richard J. T. Klein, & J. Wandel. (2000). “An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability.” In Societal Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change, 223–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

  • Somanathan, E., Somanathan, R., Sudarshan, A., & Tewari, M. (2021). The impact of temperature on productivity and labor supply: Evidence from Indian manufacturing. Journal of Political Economy., 129(6), 1797–1827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N. (2013). The structure of economic modeling of the potential impacts of climate change: Grafting gross underestimation of risk onto already narrow science models. Journal Economic Literature, 51(3), 838–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stritof, S. (2017). The Problem of Child Brides and Forced Marriages. Retrieved October 29, 2019, from https://www.liveabout.com/child-brides-and-forced-marriages-2302051

  • Subramanian, P. K. (2008). Determinants of the age at marriage of rural women in India. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 37(2), 160–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Raj, A., et al. (2015). Research priorities on ending child marriage and supporting married girls. Reproductive Health, 12, 80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syverson, C. (2011). What Determines Productivity? Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 326–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. Y., Murphy-Graham, E., Van Horn, J., Vaitla, B., Del Valle, Á., & Cislaghi, B. (2019). Child marriages and unions in Latin America: Understanding the roles of agency and social norms. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4S), S45–S51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiery, W., Lange, S., Rogelj, J., et al. (2021). Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. Science, 374, 158–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K., Hardy, R. D., Lazrus, H., et al. (2019). Explaining differential vulnerability to climate change: A social science review. Wires Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tol, R. S. (2021). The distributional impact of climate change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences., 1504(1), 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trinh, T. A., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Adverse shocks, household expenditure and child marriage: evidence from India and Vietnam. Empirical Economics, 61(3), 1617–1639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsaneva, M. (2020). The effect of weather variability on child marriage in Bangladesh. Journal of International Development, 32(8), 1346–1359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tschakert, P., Van Oort, B., St. Clair, A. L., & LaMadrid, A. (2013). Inequality and transformation analyses: A complementary lens for addressing vulnerability to climate change. Climate and Development., 5(4), 340–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuwor, T., & Sossou, M. A. (2008). Gender discrimination and education in West Africa: Strategies for maintaining girls in school. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 12(4), 363–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNFPA. (2020). Interim Technical Note; Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family planning and ending gender-based violence, female genital mutilation and child marriage: Pandemic threatens achievement of the Transformative Results committed to by UNFPA.

  • UNICEF (2005). Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice. pp. 46. NY., USA. ISBN: 92–806–3869–6.

  • UNICEF (2018). UNICEF global databases. Child Marriage. 2018. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/.

  • UNICEF (2020). "UNICEF and UNFPA renew multi-country initiative to protect millions of girls from child marriage."

  • Wahhaj, Z. (2018). An economic model of early marriage. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 152, 147–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. E. M., Iwamura, T., & Butt, N. (2013). Mapping vulnerability and conservation adaptation strategies under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3(11), 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wodon, Q. (2018). Education budget savings from ending child marriage and early childbirths: The case of Niger. Applied Economics Letters, 25(10), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1259743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, S. S., & Lal, R. (2018). Vulnerability of women to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions: The case of India and South Asia. Journal of Arid Environments, 149, 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zidar, O. (2018). Tax cuts for whom? Heterogeneous effects of income tax changes on growth and employment. Journal of Political Economy, 127(3), 1437–1472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, C., Morelli, V., & Fawibe, O. (2019). Climate change and underserved communities. Physician Assistant Clinics., 4(1), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Economics for Sustainable Development (CEDES), Faculty of Economics and Government, Universidad San Sebastian, General Lagos, 1163, Valdivia, Chile

    Roberto Pastén & Eugenio Figueroa

  2. Department of Economics, School of Economics and Business, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Eugenio Figueroa & Mayte Fuentes

Authors
  1. Roberto Pastén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eugenio Figueroa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mayte Fuentes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roberto Pastén.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pastén, R., Figueroa, E. & Fuentes, M. Not a dream wedding: the hidden nexus between gender discrimination, climate change and child marriage. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04813-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04813-0

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation