Abstract
Urban nature is widely recognized to be vital for sustainable urban development due to its wide range of benefits to urban residents. One of these benefits is urban nature’s contribution to promoting pro-environmental behaviour. This behaviour can reduce individual consumption, thereby decreasing the overall ecological footprint of urban areas. However, there is limited empirical evidence for a link between urban nature and pro-environmental behaviour. To test this link, we apply the value-belief-norm theory by examining the relationship between learning in urban nature and environmental values among Singaporean residents (n = 1,500). Our findings showed that learning in urban nature affected biospheric values and personal norms of the public. In turn, these values and norms promoted the public’s support for certified timber products, organic products, and boycotts of non-sustainable products. Relational values also supported these impacts. These benefits indicate an urban ecosystem service transcending city boundaries as urban nature in one region can support reducing an ecological footprint in other regions. These study findings may contribute to finding a contribution of urban nature as a nature-based approach to encouraging sustainable consumption, and a role of relational values in promoting pro-environmental behaviour.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. J. P. b. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. 103(3), 411.
AVA. (2019). AVA Annual Report 2018–2019. Retrieved from Singapore: https://www.sfa.gov.sg/files/annualreport/AR2018-19/
Barry, M., Cashore, B., Clay, J., Fernandez, M., Lebel, L., Lyon, T., Whelan, T. (2012). Toward sustainability: The roles and limitations of certification. Retrieved from Washington, DC
Baur, J. W., Tynon, J. F., Ries, P., & Rosenberger, R. S. (2014). Urban parks and attitudes about ecosystem services: does park use matter? Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 32(4).
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
Cai, S., Long, X., Li, L., Liang, H., Wang, Q., & Ding, X. (2019). Determinants of intention and behavior of low carbon commuting through bicycle-sharing in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 602–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.072
Chan, K., Balvanera, P., Benessaiah, K., Chapman, M., Díaz, S., Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Klain, S. (2016). Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(6), 1462–1465.
Chan, K. M. A., Gould, R. K., & Pascual, U. (2018). Editorial overview: Relational values: What are they, and what’s the fuss about? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 35, A1–A7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.003
Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R. T., Molnár, Z., & Shirayama, Y. (2018). Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science, 359(6373), 270–272.
Ding, X., Long, X., Li, L., Liang, H., Wang, Q., & Cai, S. (2019). Antecedents of satisfaction and engagement of low-carbon bicycle-sharing using in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(9), 8533–8542.
Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J., & Collen, B. (2014). Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science, 345(6195), 401–406.
Dresner, M., Handelman, C., Braun, S., & Rollwagen-Bollens, G. (2015). Environmental identity, pro-environmental behaviors, and civic engagement of volunteer stewards in Portland area parks. Environmental Education Research, 21(7), 991–1010.
Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425–442.
Fornara, F., Pattitoni, P., Mura, M., & Strazzera, E. (2016). Predicting intention to improve household energy efficiency: The role of value-belief-norm theory, normative and informational influence, and specific attitude. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 1–10.
Gaw, L.Y.-F., Yee, A. T. K., & Richards, D. R. (2019). A High-Resolution Map of Singapore’s Terrestrial Ecosystems. Data, 4(3), 116.
Global Footprint Network. (2020). Country trends: World. Retrieved from http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=5001&type=BCtot,EFCtot
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5). Pearson.
Halpenny, E. A. (2010). Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409–421.
Han, H. (2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177.
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2012). The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9), 3232. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109936109
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Wiedmann, T. O. (2014). Humanity’s unsustainable environmental footprint. Science, 344(6188), 1114. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248365
Ibtissem, M. H. (2010). Application of value beliefs norms theory to the energy conservation behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), 129.
Jansson, J., Marell, A., & Nordlund, A. (2011). Exploring consumer adoption of a high involvement eco-innovation using value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(1), 51–60.
Jaung, W., Putzel, L., Bull, G. Q., Kozak, R., & Elliott, C. (2016). Forest stewardship council certification for forest ecosystem services: An analysis of stakeholder adaptability. Forest Policy and Economics, 70, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.06.004
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A., Rosseel, Y., Miller, P., Quick, C., & Garnier-Villarreal, M. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5–2.
Kiatkawsin, K., & Han, H. (2017). Young travelers’ intention to behave pro-environmentally: Merging the value-belief-norm theory and the expectancy theory. Tourism Management, 59, 76–88.
Kim, H., Kim, J., Oh, K. W., & Jung, H. J. (2016). Adoption of eco-friendly faux leather: Examining consumer attitude with the Value–Belief–Norm framework. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 34(4), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x16656439
Klain, S. C., Olmsted, P., Chan, K. M., & Satterfield, T. (2017). Relational values resonate broadly and differently than intrinsic or instrumental values, or the new ecological paradigm. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e183962.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour— A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038.
Knippenberg, L., de Groot, W. T., van den Born, R. J. G., Knights, P., & Muraca, B. (2018). Relational value, partnership, eudaimonia: A review. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 35, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.022
Kudryavtsev, A., Stedman, R. C., & Krasny, M. E. (2012). Sense of place in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 18(2), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2011.609615
Kwan, F. W. B., & Stimpson, P. (2003). Environmental education in Singapore: A curriculum for the environment or in the national interest? International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 12(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382040308667522
La Rosa, D., Spyra, M., & Inostroza, L. (2016). Indicators of cultural ecosystem services for urban planning: A review. Ecological Indicators, 61, 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.028
Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972.
Li, L., Long, X., Laubayeva, A., Cai, X., & Zhu, B. (2020). Behavioral intention of environmentally friendly agricultural food: The role of policy, perceived value, subjective norm. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 27(15), 18949–18961.
Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S. R., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., & Lubchenco, J. (2007). Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317(5844), 1513–1516.
López-Mosquera, N., & Sánchez, M. (2012). Theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory explaining willingness to pay for a suburban park. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 251–262.
Martin, P., & Ho, S. (2009). Seeking resilience and sustainability: Outdoor education in Singapore. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670802670167
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2018). Towards: A sustainable and resilient Singapore. Retrieved from Singapore: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19439Singapores_Voluntary_National_Review_Report_v2.pdf
Moser, A. K. (2015). Thinking green, buying green? Drivers of pro-environmental purchasing behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(3), 167–175.
National Climate Change Secretariat. (2016). Singapore’s climate action plan: Take action today, for a carbon-efficient Singapore. Retrieved from Singapore: https://www.mewr.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/a5finalmerw.pdf
National Parks Board. (2019). Learning. Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/learning
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage Publications.
Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422.
Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Díaz, S., Pataki, G., Roth, E., Stenseke, M., & Kelemen, E. (2017). Valuing nature’s contributions to people: The IPBES approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26, 7–16.
Peattie, K. (2010). Green consumption: Behavior and norms. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 195–228.
R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Richards, D. R., & Tunçer, B. (2017). Using image recognition to automate assessment of cultural ecosystem services from social media photographs. Ecosystem Services., 31, 318–325.
Richards, D. R., Fung, T. K., Leong, R. A. T., Sachidhanandam, U., Drillet, Z., & Edwards, P. J. (2020). Demographic biases in engagement with nature in a tropical Asian city. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231576
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling and more Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45.
See, S. C., Shaikh, S. F. E. A., Jaung, W., & Carrasco, L. R. (2020). Are relational values different in practice to instrumental values? Ecosystem Services, 44, 101132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101132
Singapore Environment Council. (2020). Environmental conservation through holistic programmes. Retrieved from https://sec.org.sg/our-programmes/
Sustainable Singapore. (2016). Sustainable Singapore blueprint. Retrieved from Singapore: https://www.mewr.gov.sg/ssb/resources
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: The loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(2), 94–101.
Song, X. P., Richards, D. R., & Tan, P. Y. (2020). Using social media user attributes to understand human–environment interactions at urban parks. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–11.
Soo, L. M. J., & Mok, C.-F.J. (2016). Sustainable food purchasing behavior of consumers in Singapore. International Journal of Home Economics, 9(2), 148.
Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309–317.
Steg, L., Dreijerink, L., & Abrahamse, W. (2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 415–425.
Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 25(5), 322–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916593255002
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T. D., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.
Sun, L., Chen, J., Li, Q., & Huang, D. (2020). Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades. Nature Communications, 11(1), 5366. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19158-1
Tan, P. Y., & Samsudin, R. (2017). Effects of spatial scale on assessment of spatial equity of urban park provision. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.001
Tan, P. Y., Wang, J., & Sia, A. (2013). Perspectives on five decades of the urban greening of Singapore. Cities, 32, 24–32.
Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., & Imai, K. (2014). Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. Journal of Statistical Software. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v059.i05
van Riper, C. J., & Kyle, G. T. (2014). Understanding the internal processes of behavioral engagement in a national park: A latent variable path analysis of the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 288–297.
Vaske, J. J., & Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16–21.
Wang, Q., Long, X., Li, L., Kong, L., Zhu, X., & Liang, H. (2020). Engagement factors for waste sorting in China: The mediating effect of satisfaction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 122046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122046
Wang, Y., Long, X., Li, L., Wang, Q., Ding, X., & Cai, S. (2021). Extending theory of planned behavior in household waste sorting in China: The moderating effect of knowledge, personal involvement, and moral responsibility. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5), 7230–7250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00913-9
Whitburn, J., Linklater, W. L., & Milfont, T. L. (2019). Exposure to urban nature and tree planting are related to pro-environmental behavior via connection to nature, the use of nature for psychological restoration, and environmental attitudes. Environment and Behavior, 51(7), 787–810.
Wynveen, C. J., & Sutton, S. G. (2017). Engaging great barrier reef stakeholders: Mediation analyses of barriers among the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 22(2), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2016.1265185
Xin, J. J., & Savage, V. R. (2013). Sustainability in Singapore: An ecological footprint perspective. In L.-H. Lye, V. R. Savage, L. M. Chou, L. E. Yu, & H.-W. Kua (Eds.), Sustainability matters: Asia’s green challenges (pp. 329–362). World Scientific.
Zhang, J., & Tan, P. Y. (2019). Demand for parks and perceived accessibility as key determinants of urban park use behavior. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 44, 126420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126420
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme (NRF2016-ITC001-013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Wanggi Jaung and L. Roman Carrasco contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Wanggi Jaung, Shaikh Fairul Edros Ahmad Shaikh, and L. Roman Carrasco. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Wanggi Jaung and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The research was approved by the National University of Singapore Institutional Review Board (reference code: S-19-094E).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jaung, W., Carrasco, L.R., Richards, D.R. et al. The role of urban nature experiences in sustainable consumption: a transboundary urban ecosystem service. Environ Dev Sustain 25, 601–621 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02071-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02071-y