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Investigation and Determination of Optimal Tilt Angles and Solar Radiation Gains for Fixed and Tracked South-Facing Solar Photovoltaic Surfaces in Provinces of Türkiye

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Abstract

The solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in Türkiye have been advancing at a remarkable rate in the last decades because of the region’s high solar energy potential. However, it is understood from the literature review that there are still limited research works on the optimization of the tilt angles of PV surfaces to maximize the solar radiation of the PV energy systems in this region. Therefore, this study focuses on a quantitative analysis of the optimal tilt angles of south-oriented PV surfaces and the amount of solar radiation collected by optimally tilted and tracked PV surfaces for all provinces by using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (NASA-SSE) horizontal radiation data for the provinces in Türkiye. Also, a numerical method is proposed to estimate the average daily solar radiation values falling on optimally tilted and tracked PV surfaces in 81 provinces and 7 geographical regions of Türkiye in this paper. An optimal tilt angles map has been created for all provinces where solar plants could be established. Solar data calculations have been carried out for all provinces, and the results are presented for the average total radiation amounts and percentage contributions that can be obtained in the case of installing fixed systems and tracking systems. It is found that the tilt angles of all provinces and regions are below the latitude values of Türkiye (36°′N–42°′N). Annual fixed optimal tilt angle values for south-facing PV surfaces are found between 28° and 36° throughout the year. It is observed that the daily average total radiation values falling on PV surfaces are considerably affected by the geographical and climatic characteristics even between the provinces with close latitude values in Türkiye. The results indicate that the tracking systems provide remarkable solar energy gains compared to the annual fixed systems. The proposed methodology can be used in the case of the implementation of a large-scale PV plant in any location in Türkiye, and this knowledge can be extended to the world thanks to low computational cost.

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Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the NASA-ASDC repository. The graphical and tabular data generated during the current study can be found in the manuscript. The graphical and tabular data generated during the current study can be found in the manuscript. https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/project/SSE.

Abbreviations

\({G}_{sc}\) :

Solar constant, (1367 W/m2)

\(H\) :

Total radiation for each hour of the “average day” (W/m2)

H m :

Monthly avg. daily radiation on a horizontal surface (W/m2)

H 0d :

Daily ext. radiation on a horizontal surface (W/m22)

H 0m :

Monthly avg. daily ext. rad. on a horizontal surface (W/m22)

H t :

Hourly tilted radiation falling on the surface, (W/m2)

H td :

Total daily tilted radiation (W/m2)

H b :

Total horizontal beam radiation (W/m2)

H df :

Total horizontal diffuse radiation (W/m2)

H dfm :

Monthly average daily diffuse radiation (W/m2)

k tm :

Monthly average clearness index (unitless)

n :

Day of the year, n = 1 for Jan.; n = 32 for Feb. (n)

r d :

The ratio of daily total diffuse radiation (W/m2)

R t :

The ratio of hourly total to daily total radiation (W/m2)

R b :

The ratio of monthly average daily beam radiation (W/m2)

R :

The rotation angle of the solar surface about the axis (°)

ω :

Solar hour angle (rad)

ω s :

Sunset hour angle (rad)

γ:

Solar surface azimuth (º)

γ a :

Tracking axis azimuth (°)

γ s :

Solar azimuth (°)

ρ :

Ground reflectivity, Albedo, ρ = 0.2 (coeff)

β :

Solar surface tilt (°)

β a :

Tracking axis tilt (°)

θ:

The incidence angle of beam rad. on the surface (°)

θ s :

The solar incidence angle of beam radiation (°)

θ a :

The incidence angle of beam radiation on-axis (°)

θ z :

Solar zenith angle (°)

δ :

Solar declination angle (°)

∅ :

Latitude of the site, angular location (°)

α s :

Solar altitude angle (°)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey

    Batur Alp Akgül & Mustafa Sadettin Özyazıcı

  2. Department of Computer Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey

    Muhammet Fatih Hasoğlu

  3. Department of Computer Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey

    Bülent Haznedar

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  1. Batur Alp Akgül
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Batur Alp Akgül, Mustafa Sadettin Özyazıcı, Muhammet Fatih Hasoğlu and Bülent Haznedar. All tables and figures have been prepared as a result of collective work with the participation of all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Batur Alp Akgül, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 11 Studies on obtaining maximal radiation by determining optimal tilt angles of PV Surfaces in Türkiye
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Table 12 Studies on radiation efficiency in solar tracking systems for Türkiye
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Akgül, B.A., Özyazıcı, M.S., Hasoğlu, M.F. et al. Investigation and Determination of Optimal Tilt Angles and Solar Radiation Gains for Fixed and Tracked South-Facing Solar Photovoltaic Surfaces in Provinces of Türkiye. Environ Model Assess 29, 101–123 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09933-x

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