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Temporal variation of the PM2.5/PM10 ratio and its association with meteorological factors in a South American megacity: Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao, Peru

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Abstract

The Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao (MALC) is a South American megacity that has suffered a serious deterioration in air quality due to high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Studies on the behavior of the PM2.5/PM10 ratio and its temporal variability in relation to meteorological parameters are still very limited. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of the PM2.5/PM10 ratio, its temporal variability, and its association with meteorological variables over a period of 5 years (2015–2019). For this, the Theil-Sen estimator, bivariate polar plots, and correlation analysis were used. The regions of highest mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were identified at eastern Lima (ATE station—41.2 µg/m3) and southern Lima (VMT station—126.7 µg/m3), respectively. The lowest concentrations were recorded in downtown Lima (CDM station—16.8 µg/m3 and 34.0 µg/m3, respectively). The highest average PM2.5/PM10 ratio was found at the CDM station (0.55) and the lowest at the VMT station (0.27), indicating a predominance of emissions from the vehicular fleet within central Lima and a greater emission of coarse particles by resuspension in southern Lima. The temporal progression of the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 showed positive and highly significant trends in northern and central Lima with values of 0.03 and 0.1 units of PM2.5/PM10 per year, respectively. In the southern region of Lima, the trend was also significant, showcasing a value of 0.02 units of PM2.5/PM10 per year. At the hourly and monthly level, the PM2.5/PM10 ratio presented a negative and significant correlation with wind speed and air temperature, and a positive and significant correlation with relative humidity. These findings offer insights into identifying the sources of PM pollution and are useful for implementing regulations to reduce air emissions considering both anthropogenic sources and meteorological dispersion patterns.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru, for providing the environmental and meteorological quality data for the development of this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina S/N, Lima, Perú

    José Abel Espinoza-Guillen

  2. Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina S/N, Lima, Perú

    Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida & Ursula Fiorela Navarro-Abarca

  3. Departamento Académico de Física y Meteorología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina S/N, Lima, Perú

    Hanns Kevin Gómez-Muñoz

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José Abel Espinoza-Guillen: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, visualization, resources. Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida: methodology, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, resources. Ursula Fiorela Navarro-Abarca: investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, resources. Hanns Kevin Gómez-Muñoz: investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, resources. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors.

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Espinoza-Guillen, J.A., Alderete-Malpartida, M.B., Navarro-Abarca, U.F. et al. Temporal variation of the PM2.5/PM10 ratio and its association with meteorological factors in a South American megacity: Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao, Peru. Environ Monit Assess 196, 452 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12611-4

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