Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil–plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil–plant system. EOCs identified in the soil–plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil–plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil–plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil–plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil–plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil–plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Change history
02 May 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12639-6
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Highlights
• The soil-plant continuum is a reservoir of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs).
• Fate processes and behaviour of EOCs, and key controlling factors are presented.
• Environmental receptors, exposure routes, and health hazards of EOCs are discussed.
• Preventive and removal methods to mitigate ecological and human risks are presented.
• Future work on the sources, pathways, receptors, impacts, and mitigation is proposed.
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Masinga, P., Simbanegavi, T.T., Makuvara, Z. et al. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil–plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. Environ Monit Assess 196, 367 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7