Abstract
One of the major present challenges in the building sector is to construct sustainable and low-energy buildings with a healthy, safe, and comfortable environment. This study is designed to explore long-term impacts of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters in a historic technical school building on the health and comfort of students. The main objective is to identify environmental problems in schools and to direct public policy towards the enhancement of in-service historic buildings. The collected data on five consecutive days in various seasons from five different classrooms indicate allergy in 45% and asthma in 10% of students. Environmental factors, such as temperature, draught, noise, or light, affected 51% of students’ attention. Low temperature, unpleasant air, noise, and draught were found to be the most frequent concerns for students. The lowest temperature was measured during spring at 17.6 °C, the lowest humidity of 21.1% in winter, the largest CO2 amount in the air in autumn at 2041 ppm level, and the greatest total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) as 514 µg/m3. The experimental and statistical analysis results suggest the necessity of a comprehensive restoration of the building with a focus on enhancement of IEQ as well as replacement of old non-standard materials. An effective ventilation system is also necessary. The building requires major renovations to preserve its historic features while safeguarding the well-being and comfort of students and staff. Further research is needed on acoustics, lighting, and energy factors as well as the health effects of old building materials.
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The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included within the Supplementary Information file. The document also consists of detailed information about the measurement devices, the questionnaire form used for the survey in the original and English languages, and complete experimental data, including three tables and five figures.
Code availability
Nothing to declare.
Abbreviations
- ANSI:
-
American National Standards Institute
- ASHRAE:
-
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- Em :
-
Illumination
- IAQ:
-
Indoor air quality
- IEQ:
-
Indoor environmental quality
- LAeq:
-
A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- PM10 :
-
Inhalable particles smaller than 10 µm
- PM2.5 :
-
Fine inhalable particles smaller than 2.5 µm
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
- SBS:
-
Sick building syndrome
- Ta :
-
Interior air temperature
- Te :
-
Exterior air temperature
- Tr :
-
Mean radiant temperature
- TSV:
-
Thermal sensation votes
- TVOC:
-
Total volatile organic compounds
- Va :
-
Air velocity (draught)
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation to the students, staff, and administration of the investigated school involved in this study. This work would not have been possible without their kind cooperation and support. We hope it will help to better protect the students’ health in the future.
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This study was financially supported with a grant from Grant Agency of Slovak Republic No. 1/0512/20. The authors highly appreciate this support.
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All authors contributed to the preparation of this research work and manuscript. Conceptualization and supervision were performed by SV. Funding acquisition was conducted by SV. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SV, EKB, AS, and ĽVM, and all authors commented on the manuscript. Methodology and investigation were contributed by SV, EKB, AS, ĽVM, and AM. Material preparation, data collection, analysis, and validation were performed by SV, EKB, AS, ĽVM, JK, and SD. Writing, reviewing, editing, correspondence, and administration were conducted by SD.
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Vilčeková, S., Burdová, E.K., Kiseľák, J. et al. Assessment of indoor environmental quality and seasonal well-being of students in a combined historic technical school building in Slovakia. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1524 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12147-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12147-z