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Spatial and temporal analysis and quantification of pollution sources of the surface water quality in a coastal province in Vietnam

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Abstract

The surface water quality in coastal areas may be highly vulnerable to degradation due to various pollution sources such as seawater intrusion and anthropogenic activities. The current study sought to spatially and temporally analyze and quantify pollution sources of the surface water system in the coastal province of Tra Vinh, Vietnam. A total of 600 surface water samples were taken from 30 monitoring sites distributed over 4 spatial zones. Water samples were collected in four campaigns each year during the dry and rainy seasons from 2016 to 2020 and analyzed for 10 physiochemical and biological parameters. The analyzed data were calculated for the water quality index (WQI). Two-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), and multivariable regression analysis (MRA) were conducted over the whole dataset. The results showed that the WQI decreased from the inland zone to the coastal area, was greater in the river zone than in the canal zone, and was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The PCA/FA revealed that surface water quality was affected by at least 4 main pollution sources, including agricultural production, seawater intrusion, residential activities, and mixed sources. MRA revealed that these pollution sources explained 68.3%, 12.8%, 7.0%, and 2.7% of the total variance of the WQI, respectively. In summary, the surface water quality in the study area significantly changed spatially and temporally, depending on four pollution sources, which need to be managed properly for a better environment and sustainable development.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Tra Vinh province, the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), faculties and students of the Institute of Science, Technology and Environmental Management (IESEM-IUH) for their support, assistance, and contribution to the completion of this work.

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  1. Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering, and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    Thang Viet Le, Duong Thuy Phuc Nguyen & Binh Thanh Nguyen

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  1. Thang Viet Le
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Contributions

Thang Viet Le: initiated the study and wrote the draft; Duong Thuy Phuc Nguyen wrote the draft, reviewed, and revised the paper; Binh Thanh Nguyen processed data, established the outline of the current paper, polished, and submitted the paper. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Binh Thanh Nguyen.

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Le, T.V., Nguyen, D.T.P. & Nguyen, B.T. Spatial and temporal analysis and quantification of pollution sources of the surface water quality in a coastal province in Vietnam. Environ Monit Assess 195, 408 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11026-x

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