Abstract
Deoxygenation is increasingly recognized as a significant environmental threat to the ocean following sea temperature rises due to global warming and climate change. Considering the cruciality of the deoxygenation impacts, it is important to assess the current status and predict the future possibility of ocean deoxygenation, for instance, within the Central Indo Pacific (CIP) regions represent climate-regulated marine areas. This study divided CIP into five regions then investigated the deoxygenation parameters (dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, and pH) collected from 1993 to 2021 sourced from in situ measurement and long-term hindcast data. The overall error statistics indicate a good accuracy of hindcast data and are comparable to the in situ values. The surface waters were identified to have the most fluctuated seasonal pattern of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration compared to other water columns. However, DO fluctuation occurred in a different pattern in each region. The study shows ocean deoxygenation is accelerated in all five regions over decades. The strongest oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is identified in the Bay of Bengal and the Arafura Sea with the lowest oxygen concentration less than 0.5 mmol/m3, while the weakest OMZ is located in the South China Sea with 60 mmol/m3 of DO concentration. The deoxygenation rates in CIP regions are varied by 0.09–2.75 mmol/m3/year depending on the different controlling factors that work in the five regions. Our results indicate that deoxygenation is attributed to ocean warming, seawater salinity increases, and ocean acidification and possibly continue in the future with continued global changes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS) for providing the hindcast data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the historical in situ data and the climate index data of SOI, DMI, and PDO. Widya Nusantara Expedition (EWIN) 2015 was funded by the Government of Indonesia through Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). The joint research cruise to obtain the several in situ data of 2014 and 2016 was conducted by joint research scheme of Research Center Oceanography of LIPI and Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS).
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This study was partially funded by SG Academies South-East Asia Fellowship (SASEAF) Programme and the Government of Indonesia (National Research and Innovation Agency). This study is also a contribution to the 2nd Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions Programme (CSK2).
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The main contributor of this article is KT and AJW. Karlina Triana: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, mapping, visualization, writing—original draft, review and editing. A’an Johan Wahyudi: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, resources, data curation, visualization, writing—original draft, review and editing, supervision; Dewi Surinati: methodology, resources, and data curation; Elgodwistra Kartikoputro: methodology, validation, and mapping.
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Triana, K., Wahyudi, A.J., Surinati, D. et al. Investigating ocean deoxygenation and the oxygen minimum zone in the Central Indo Pacific region based on the hindcast datasets. Environ Monit Assess 195, 28 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10615-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10615-6