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Development of a sensor and measurement platform for water quality observations: design, sensor integration, 3D printing, and open-source hardware

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Abstract

A measurement and development platform for collecting water quality data (the WaterWatcher) was developed. The platform includes sensors to measure turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and water temperature as variables that are often collected to assess water quality. The design is extensible for research and monitoring purposes, and all the design files are provided under open-source permissive licenses for further development. System design and operation are discussed for illustrative purposes. A block diagram indicates elements of mechanical, electrical, and software design for this system. The mechanical assembly used to house circuit boards and sensors is designed using 3D printing for rapid prototyping. The electronic circuit board acts as a carrier for an Arduino 32-bit microcontroller board and an associated cellular module along with a GPS for geolocation of water quality measurements. The cellular module permits data transfer for Internet of Things (IoT) functionality. System operation is set up using a command line interface (CLI) and C + + code that allows for calibration coefficients and human-readable transfer functions to be defined so that sensor voltages are related to physical quantities. Data are cached on a secure digital (SD) card for backup. The circuit was calibrated, and system operation assessed by deployment on an urban reservoir. Biogeochemical cycles were identified in the collected data using spectrogram and semivariogram analyses to validate system operation. As a system with hardware and software released under an open source license, the WaterWatcher platform reduces the time and effort required to build and deploy low-cost water quality measurement sensors and provides an example of the basic hardware design that can be used for measurements of water quality.

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Availability of data and material

Datasets (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14444672.v2) as well as images showing the assembly of the WaterWatcher and video of the wave testing experiment (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14428709.v1) are provided as Figshare downloads and licensed using a permissive license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The hardware as designed by the authors is licensed using the CERN open hardware license (CERN-OHL, https://www.ohwr.org/cernohl). Figure 1 photographs of sensors are courtesy of Digikey Incorporated (Thief River Falls, Minnesota, USA) and are used with permission, whereas photographic depictions of the Arduino platform are released as Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 (https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/CopyrightNotice).

Code availability

All the data, design files, and programs used for this study can be downloaded from Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14444672.v2) and Github (https://github.com/nkinar/WaterWatcher). The software is licensed using the GNU GPL v3 (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html).

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to Prof. John Pomeroy, Director of Global Water Futures and the Smart Water Systems Lab, for supporting this research. Thanks to the staff of the Toxicology Centre for the testing support and to Mr. Alistair Wallace (SWSL) for some assistance with the mechanical assembly. We thank and acknowledge Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) for providing the precipitation data and Digikey Incorporated (Thief River Falls, Minnesota, USA) for providing electronic parts and permission to use photographs for Figure 1 of this paper. We thank the reviewers for providing helpful comments that have greatly improved the exposition and scope of this paper.

Funding

Western Economic Diversification (WED) funded the Smart Water Systems Lab, which received funding also from the Global Water Futures (GWF) program and the Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS). N. K. received funding from GWF and WED. M. B. received funding through the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grants program.

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  1. Smart Water Systems Lab, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada

    N. J. Kinar & M. Brinkmann

  2. Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

    N. J. Kinar & M. Brinkmann

  3. School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

    M. Brinkmann

  4. Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada

    M. Brinkmann

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Kinar, N.J., Brinkmann, M. Development of a sensor and measurement platform for water quality observations: design, sensor integration, 3D printing, and open-source hardware. Environ Monit Assess 194, 207 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09825-9

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