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Assessment of occupational exposure to diesel particulate matter through evaluation of 1-nitropyrene and 1-aminopyrene in surface coal miners, India

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Abstract

DPM (diesel particulate matter) is ubiquitously present in the mining environment and is known for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to humans. However, its health effects in surface coal mines are not well studied, particularly in India. In this study, DPM exposure and corresponding exposure biomarkers were investigated in four different surface coal mines in Central India. To document and evaluate the DPM exposure in surface coal miners, we characterized 1-NP (1-nitropyrene) in the mining environment as surrogate for DPM using Sioutas Cascade Impactor. Exposure biomarkers were analyzed by collecting post work shift (8-h work shift) urine samples and determining the concentrations of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) as a metabolite of 1-NP and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) as DNA damage marker. We observed high concentration of 1-NP (7.13–52.46 ng/m3) in all the mines compared with the earlier reported values. The average creatinine corrected 1-AP and 8OHdG levels ranged 0.07–0.43 \(\mu\)g/g and 32.47–64.16 \(\mu\)g/g, respectively, in different mines. We found 1-AP in majority of the mine workers’ urine (55.53%) and its level was higher than that reported for general environmental exposure in earlier studies. Thus, the study finding indicates occupational exposure to DPM in all the four mines. However, the association between 1-NP level and exposure biomarkers (1-AP and 8OHdG) was inconsistent, which may be due to individual physiological variations. The data on exposure levels in this study will help to understand the epidemiological risk assessment of DPM in surface coal miners. Further biomonitoring and cohort study are needed to exactly quantify the occupational health impacts caused by DPM among coal miners.

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Data availability

The data used in the study and analysis are not publicly available but can be obtained from the corresponding author on legitimate request.

Abbreviations

1-AP:

1-Aminopyrene

1-NP:

1-Nitropyrene

8OHdG:

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine

AT:

Averaging time

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

DPM:

Diesel particulate matter

EC:

Exposure concentration

ED:

Exposure duration

EF:

Exposure frequency

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ET:

Exposure time

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

IUR:

Inhalation unit risk

kU/mL:

Kilo enzyme unit per milliliter

ml:

Milliliter

mM:

Millimolar

Nitro-PAH:

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

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Acknowledgements

Dinesh Wadikar is grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, for the award of Junior Research fellowship (reference number 31/016(0121)/2015-EMR-1). Authors are thankful to CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, for providing the research facility and infrastructure. The manuscript represents CSIR-NEERI communication number CSIR-NEERI/KRC/2020/JULY/HTC-DRC-CTMD-EISD/1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health and Toxicity Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India

    Dinesh L. Wadikar, M. O. Farooqui, Krishnamurthi Kannan & Saravanadevi Sivanesan

  2. Department of Plant Biology & Biotechnology, Presidency College, Chennai, India

    Dinesh L. Wadikar

  3. Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India

    Anirban Middey

  4. Director’s Research Cell, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India

    Amit Bafana

  5. Cleaner Technology and Modelling Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India

    Yogesh Pakade

  6. Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India

    Pravin Naoghare

  7. Department of Biochemistry, Guindy Campus University of Madras, Chennai, India

    A. J. Vanisree

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  1. Dinesh L. Wadikar
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Contributions

Selection of locations, PM sampling, biomonitoring: DLW, MOF, SS, KK, AJV, and AM. Estimation of 1-NP: DW, SS, and YP. Estimation of 8OHdG: DW, SS, and AJV. First draft preparation: DW, PN, AB, and SS. Acquisition, interpretation of data, and risk assessment study: DW, SS, KK, and AJV. Aid for Logistics: KK, PN, YP, and AB. Significant revision for essential intellectual material of the article: SS and PN. Administrative and final endorsement of the article: SS and KK.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saravanadevi Sivanesan.

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All procedures performed including biomonitoring for biomarkers have been carried in compliance with due ethical principles. This study was duly endorsed and approved by the institutional ethics committee of CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India in accordance with ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) India guidelines vide letter no. Eth.Com./001/EC/EHD/7/2016.

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Wadikar, D.L., Farooqui, M.O., Middey, A. et al. Assessment of occupational exposure to diesel particulate matter through evaluation of 1-nitropyrene and 1-aminopyrene in surface coal miners, India. Environ Monit Assess 193, 342 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09121-y

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