Abstract
This paper analyzes the building process of the main greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) inventory from the energy sector in Palestine. The paper includes determination tools, i.e., emission factors, to estimate the amounts of national GHG emissions from sub-sectors of energy including energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sectors (households, agriculture and commerce and public services). The results show that the total amount of national GHG emissions from the energy sector in 2016 was 4131 thousand metric tons of CO2-equivalent (TtCO2e), which represented 0.011% of the total global GHG emissions. The average value of GHG emissions per capita from the energy sector was 0.86 tCO2e in Palestine, and its gross domestic product was estimated at 3212 $/ton of CO2e. The estimated amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O emission from the energy sector were 4022, 49 and 60 TtCO2e, respectively. The transport and household sub-sectors dominated the national GHG emissions from the entire energy sector by 58 and 32%, respectively. In general, fuels including diesel, gasoline, wood and charcoal and liquefied petroleum gas made most of the total amount of the national GHG emissions from the energy sector at 50, 18, 18 and 12%, respectively. Finally, the mitigation actions included in the first nationally determined contribution of Palestine and recommendations to help lower the national GHG emissions from the Palestinian energy sector are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu Hamed, T., Flamm, H., & Azraq, M. (2012). Renewable energy in the Palestinian territories: Opportunities and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 1082–1088.
Abu-Madi, M., & Rayyan, M. (2013). Estimation of main greenhouse gases emission from household energy consumption in the West Bank, Palestine. Environmental Pollution, 179, 250–257.
Al-Khatib, I. A., Arafat, H. A., Basheer, T., Shawahneh, H., Salahat, A., Eid, J., & Ali, W. (2007). Trends and problems of solid waste management in developing countries: A case study in seven Palestinian districts. Waste Management, 27(12), 1910–1919.
Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem (ARIJ). (2005). Atlas of Palestine. Bethlehem: Report.
Bauer, C., Treyer, K., Heck, T., & Hirschberg, S. (2018). Greenhouse gas emissions from energy systems, comparison, and overview. Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, 1, 473–484.
Bharadwaj, S., Ballare, S., Rohit, & Chandel, M. K. (2017). Impact of congestion on greenhouse gas emissions for road transport in Mumbai metropolitan region. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3538–3551.
Complainville, C., & Martins, J. (1994). NOx/ SOx emissions and carbon abatement. OECD economics department working papers no. 151. Paris: OECD publishing.
El Chaar, L., & Lamont, L. (2010). Global solar radiation: Multiple on-site assessments in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Renewable Energy, 35(7), 1596–1601.
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). (2017). Canadian environmental sustainability indicators: Global greenhouse gas emissions. Gatineau: Public Inquiries Centre.
Global Energy Business. (2017). BP statistical review of world energy June 2017. London: Pureprint Group.
Hasan, A. (1992). Wind energy in West Bank and Gaza Strip. Renewable Energy, 2(6), 637–639.
Hertwich, E. G., & Roux, C. (2011). Greenhouse gas emissions from the consumption of electric and electronic equipment by Norwegian households. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(19), 8190–8196.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006a). Stationary combusted (Chapter 2). In S. H. Eggelston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, & K. Tanabe (Eds.), 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol. 2). Hayama: IGES.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006b). Mobile combustion (Chapter 3). In S. H. Eggelston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, & K. Tanabe (Eds.), 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol. 2). Hayama: IGES.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to fifth assessment report. In O. Edenhofer, R. Pich-Madruga, Y. Sokona, J. Minx, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, et al. (Eds.). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Jaber, J. O., Mohsen, M. S., Probert, S. D., & Alees, M. (2001). Future electricity-demands and greenhouse-gas emissions in Jordan. Applied Energy, 69(1), 1–18.
Juaidi, A., Montoya, F. G., Ibrik, I. H., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2016). An overview of renewable energy potential in Palestine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 943–960.
Khondaker, A. N., Hasan, M. A., Rahman, S. M., Malik, K., Shafiullah, M., & Muhydeen, M. A. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector in the United Arab Emirates—An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1317–1325.
Kitaneh, R., Alsamamra, H., & Aljunaidi, A. (2012). Modeling of wind energy in some areas of Palestine. Energy Conversion and Management, 62, 64–69.
Middle East and North Africa Region Sustainable Development Department (MNSSD). (2007). West Bank and Gaza energy sector review. Report no. 39695-GZ. USA: World Bank.
Ministry of Local government (MoLG) (2009). Local government in Palestine. http://www.molg.pna.ps/Palestine.aspx. Accessed 6 March 2018.
Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development (MoPAD). (2011). Palestinian national plan 2011-2013. Energy sector strategy, technical report. Ramallah: MoPAD.
Mubarak, G. A. (2008). The implementation of renewable energy technologies in historic centres of towns in rural Palestine. Master thesis. University of Nottingham. http://www. hq-sf. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/theses/eng/Ghada-Assad-Mubarak. pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2018.
Nazer, D. W., Siebel, M. A., Van der Zaag, P., Mimi, Z., & Gijzen, H. J. (2008). Water footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 44(2), 449–458.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2004). Emission calculation methodological report. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2010). Household energy survey: Main findings (July, 2010). Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions 2010 (methodological report). Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2013). Emissions to air, 2011. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2015a). Local communities survey, 2015: Main findings. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2015b). Renewable energy in Palestine. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2016). Emissions to air, 2014. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2017). Statistical yearbook of Palestine, 2017. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2018a). Energy tables in Palestine in 2016. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). (2018b). Performance of the Palestinian economy, 2017. Ramallah: PCBS.
Palestinian National Authority (PNA). (2010). Natural strategy for solid waste management in the Palestinian territory 2010–2014. Ramallah: PNA.
Shah, A. (2005). Global dimming. http://www.globalissues.org/article/529/global-dimming. Accessed 23 Feb 2018.
The Portland Trust (2010). The renewable energy sector in the Palestinian Territory. http://www.portlandtrust.org/sites/default/files/peb/economicfeature_july_2010.pdf. Accessed 11 March 2018.
Tonooka, Y., Mu, H., Ning, Y., & Kondo, Y. (2003). Energy consumption in residential house and emissions inventory of GHGs, air pollutants in China. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building, 2(1), 93–100.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2007). Uniting on climate: A guide to the climate change convention and the Kyoto Protocol. http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/pub_07_uniting_on_climate_en.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2018.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2017a). State of Palestine: Nationally determined contributions/ United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/State%20of%20Palestine%20First/State%20of%20Palestine_NDC_SPM.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2019.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2017b). State of Palestine: Co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation actions included in the nationally determined contributions (NDC) under United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/State%20of%20Palestine%20First/NDC_State%20of%20Palestine_Cobenefits.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2019.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2017c). State of Palestine: First nationally determined contributions/ United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/State%20of%20Palestine%20First/State%20of%20Palestine%20First%20NDC.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2019.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2018a). State of Palestine joins convention. https://unfccc.int/news/state-of-palestine-joins-convention. Accessed 5 May 2018.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2018b). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement. Accessed 5 May 2018.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (2019). NDC registry/ State of Palestine. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/Party.aspx?party=PSE. Accessed 13 June 2019.
United States Energy Information Administration (US EIA). (2017). International energy outlook 2017 (IEQ2017). Report Number DOE/US EIA-0484. Washington DC: US EIA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2017a). Global greenhouse gas emissions data. https://www.epa.gov/GHG emissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data. Accessed 23 Feb 2018.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2017b). Overview of greenhouse gases. https://www.epa.gov/GHG emissions/overview-greenhouse-gases. Accessed 23 Feb 2018.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Energy: Shared interests in sustainable development and energy services. Social determinants of health sectoral briefing series 5. Geneva: WHO.
World Resources Institute (WRI) (2018a). CAIT climate data explorer: Historical emissions. http://www.wri.org/resources/data-sets/cait-historical-emissions-data-countries-us-states-unfccc. Accessed 25 Feb 2018.
World Resources Institute (WRI) (2018b). CAIT climate data explorer: Paris contributions map. http://cait.wri.org/indc/#/ratification. Accessed 5 May 2018.
Yannopoulos, S., Lyberatos, G., Theodossiou, N., Li, W., Valipour, M., Tamburrino, A., et al. (2015). Evolution of water lifting devices (pumps) over the centuries worldwide. Water, 7(9), 5031–5060.
Yaseen, B. (2009). Renewable energy applications in Palestine. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference for the Palestinian Environment, 6 October 2009. Nablus. Palestine: An-Najah National University.
Yaseen, B. (2017). Unpublished information. Palestinian Energy & Environmental Research Center (PEC) - energy authority (PEA), Ramallah, Palestine.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qureitem, G., Al-Khatib, I.A. & Anayah, F. Inventory of main greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector in Palestine. Environ Monit Assess 192, 63 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-8027-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-8027-6