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Spatial and temporal distribution of metals in PM2.5 during 2013: assessment of wind patterns to the impacts of geogenic and anthropogenic sources

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Abstract

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) was the object of a chemical elemental characterization (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb, La, Sm, Ce, and Eu) of PM2.5 collected during 2013 and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sampling campaigns were carried out at five locations simultaneously—northwest, northeast, center, southwest, and southeast—during dry-warm season (April), rainy season (August), and dry-cold season (November). By means of enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA), it was possible to attribute the analyzed elements to geogenic and anthropogenic sources, as well as to identify a group of elements with mixed provenance sources. The highest concentrations for most metals were found in northwest and northeast, and during dry-warm (DW), confirming the trend observed in PM2.5 samples collected in 2011. Despite similarities between 2011 and 2013, an increase of 17% in PM2.5 mass concentration was observed, mainly attributable to geogenic sources, whereby the importance of wind intensity to the impact of emission sources is highlighted. The effect of wind intensity was revealed, by means of polar plots, as the controlling mechanism for this increase. This allowed us to conclude that high-speed episodes (5 m s−1) were responsible for raising geogenic metal concentrations rather than wind direction.

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Funding

This study was performed with the financial support of Project IN103717 from DGAPA (Dirección General de Personal Académico, UNAM). Rodrigo Garza-Galindo gratefully acknowledges a grant from CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Rodrigo Garza-Galindo

  2. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Ofelia Morton-Bermea, Elizabeth Hernández-Álvarez & Sara L. Ordoñez-Godínez

  3. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Omar Amador-Muñoz & Irma Rosas-Pérez

  4. Instituto de Geología and Labotarorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Laura E. Beramendi-Orosco

  5. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de la Cd. de México, 06000, Mexico City, Mexico

    Armando Retama

  6. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Javier Miranda

Authors
  1. Rodrigo Garza-Galindo
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  2. Ofelia Morton-Bermea
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  3. Elizabeth Hernández-Álvarez
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  4. Sara L. Ordoñez-Godínez
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  5. Omar Amador-Muñoz
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  6. Laura E. Beramendi-Orosco
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  7. Armando Retama
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  8. Javier Miranda
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  9. Irma Rosas-Pérez
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Correspondence to Ofelia Morton-Bermea.

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Garza-Galindo, R., Morton-Bermea, O., Hernández-Álvarez, E. et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of metals in PM2.5 during 2013: assessment of wind patterns to the impacts of geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Environ Monit Assess 191, 165 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7251-4

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