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Determination of the personal, indoor and outdoor exposure levels of inorganic gaseous pollutants in different microenvironments in an industrial city

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Abstract

We measured SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations during the summer and winter in Kocaeli, Turkey. The sampling was carried out indoors and outdoors at homes, schools and offices. Personal samplers were also used to determine personal exposures to these pollutants. High NO2 and SO2 concentrations were observed in outdoor samples collected close to locations characterized by heavy urban traffic. Concentrations of O3, on the other hand, were higher in rural areas around the city due to ozone distillation. For both sampling periods, the concentrations of outdoor SO2 and O3 were higher than for indoor and personal samples; however, the NO2 concentrations were higher in indoor and personal samples, indicating that outdoor sources significantly contribute to indoor SO2 and O3 levels and that indoor NO2 concentrations are primarily modulated by sources within buildings. Seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations showed statistically significant differences. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 and SO2 measured in the winter were higher than the levels measured in the summer; O3 concentrations, on the other hand, exhibited the opposite trend. Active-to-passive concentration ratios for NO2, SO2 and O3 were 0.99, 1.08 and 1.16, respectively; the corresponding outdoor ratios were 0.95, 0.99 and 1.00.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from the TÜBİTAK (The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey) Grant (104Y275) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Düzce University, Düzce, 81620, Turkey

    Zehra Bozkurt

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

    Güray Doğan

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Demet Arslanbaş, Beyhan Pekey & Hakan Pekey

  4. Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey

    Yetkin Dumanoğlu & Abdurrahman Bayram

  5. Department of Environmental Engineering, Midle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Gürdal Tuncel

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  1. Zehra Bozkurt
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  2. Güray Doğan
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  4. Beyhan Pekey
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  7. Abdurrahman Bayram
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  8. Gürdal Tuncel
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Correspondence to Zehra Bozkurt.

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Bozkurt, Z., Doğan, G., Arslanbaş, D. et al. Determination of the personal, indoor and outdoor exposure levels of inorganic gaseous pollutants in different microenvironments in an industrial city. Environ Monit Assess 187, 590 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4816-8

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