Abstract
A survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the east and south Marmara region, Turkey was carried out in September 2004. For this purpose, moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme) were collected in a systematic network of 125 sites. Concentrations of the elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Mg, Ti, and Zn) in the moss were used as an indication of the level of air pollution in the region. Significant differences in heavy metal concentrations, especially for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, were recorded in the moss samples collected around industrialized and heavily populated cities (Istanbul, Bursa, Bandırma, Kocaeli, Biga-Çan) and in an abandoned lead-mining area (Balıkesir-Balya). A map of the spatial distribution of each element in the region was plotted, and enrichment factors were calculated. VARIMAX principal component analysis was applied to the data obtained, and five different components were obtained. The results showed that Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn derived from anthropogenic and industrial sources while other elements came mostly from natural sources.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aykol, A., Budakoglu, M., Kumral, M., Gultekin, A. H., Turhan, M., & Esenli, V. (2003). Heavy metal pollution and acid drainage from the abandoned Balya Pb–Zn sulfide mine, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 45, 198–208.
Berg, T. (1993). Atmospheric trace element deposition in Norway studied by ICP-MS, (PhD thesis).
Cenci, R. M., Eva, F., Dapinggi, M., Geronimi, A., Bergonzoni, M., & Bo, F. (2000). Poiatica(RE) Landfill: Evaluation of heavy metal depositions in the last eight years using indigenous mosses. In SIDISA 2000 - International symposium on sanitary and environmental engineering, Trento, Italy, 18–23 September 2000.
Coskun, M., Frontasyeva, M. V., Steinnes, E., Çotuk, A. Y., Pavlov, S. S., Coskun, M., et al. (2005). Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in Thrace studied by analysis of moss (Hypnum cupressiforme). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74, 201–209.
Gerdol, R., Bragazza, L., Marchesini, R., Alber, R., Bonetti, L., & Lorenzoni, G. (2000). Monitoring of heavy metal deposition in Northern Italy by moss analysis. Environmental Pollution, 108, 201–208.
Gramatica, P., Battaini, F., Giani, E., Papa, E., Jones, R. J. A., & Preatoni, D. (2006). Analysis of mosses and soils for quantifying heavy metal concentrations in Sicily: A multivariate and spatial analytical approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 13(1), 28–36.
Harmens, H., Norris, D., and The Participants of the Moss Survey (2008). Spatial and temporal trends in heavy metal accumulation in mosses in Europe (1990–2005). Oxford: CEH.
Ilyin, I., Rozovskaya, O., & Travnikov, O. (2007). Heavy metals: Transboundary pollution of the environment. EMEP/MSC-E Status Report 2/2007. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre–East. http://www.msceast.org. Accessed 24 March 2009.
ISRIC - World Soil Information (2009). http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/EuDASM/images/maps/download/tur1_1.jpg. Accessed 10 October 2009.
Olmez, I., Gulovalı, M. C., & Gordon, G. E. (1985). Trace element concentration in lichen near a coal-fired power plant. Atmospheric Environment, 19, 18–27.
Pais, I., & Jones, J. B. (1997). The handbook of trace elements. Boca Raton: St. Lucie Press.
Papp, B., & Sabovljević, M. (2003). Contribution to the bryophyte flora of Turkish Thrace. Studia Botanica Hungarica, 34, 45–54.
Puustjarvi, V. (1955). On the colloidal nature of peat forming mosses. Archivum Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae Vanamo, 9, 257–272.
Rasmussen, L., & Johnsen, I. (1976). Uptake of minerals, particularly metals, by epiphytic Hypnum cupressiforme. Oikos, 27, 483–487.
Reimann, C., Niskavaara, H., Kashulina, G., Filzmoser, P., & Body, R. (2001). Critical remarks on the use of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendes and Pleurozium schreberi) for monitoring of airborne pollution. Environmental Pollution, 113, 41–57.
Ruhling, A., & Tyler, G. (1971). Regional differences in the deposition of heavy metals over Scandinavia. Applied Ecology, 8, 497–507.
Steinnes, E., Rambaek, J. P., & Hansen, J. E. (1992). Large scale multi-element survey of atmospheric deposition using naturally growing moss as biomonitor. Chemosphere, 25, 735–752.
Steinnes, E., Ruhling, A., Lippo, H., & Makinen, A. (1997). Reference materials for large- scale metal deposition survey. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 2, 243–249.
Task Force on Heavy Metals (2006). Sufficiency and effectiveness review of the 1998 protocol on heavy metals, UN/ECE convention on long-range transboundary air pollution.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coskun, M., Cayir, A., Coskun, M. et al. Heavy metal deposition in moss samples from East and South Marmara Region, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 174, 219–227 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1452-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1452-1