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Moss as a passive biomonitoring tool for the atmospheric deposition and spatial distribution pattern of toxic metals in an industrial city

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Abstract

Anthropogenic pollution impacts human and environmental health, climate change, and air quality. Karabük, an industrial area from the Black Sea Region in northern Türkiye, is vulnerable to environmental pollution, particularly soil and air. In this research on methodological aspects, we analyzed the concentrations of six potential toxic metals in the atmospheric deposition of the city using the passive method of moss biomonitoring. The ground-growing terrestrial moss, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., was collected during the dry season of August 2023 at 20 urban points. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Co were determined in mosses by the ICP-MS method. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to evaluate the status and variance in the spatial distribution of the studied metals, and multivariate analysis, Pearson correlation, and cluster analysis were used to investigate the associations of elements and discuss the most probable sources of these elements in the study area. Cd and Co showed positive and significant inter-element correlations (r > 0.938), representing an anthropogenic association mostly present in the air particles emitted from several metal plants. The results showed substantial impacts from local industry, manufactured activity, and soil dust emissions. Steel and iron smelter plants and cement factories are the biggest emitters of trace metals in the Karabük area and the primary sources of Cr, Cd, Ni, and Co deposition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kastamonu, Türkiye

    Oznur Isinkaralar

  2. Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka St. 6, 6a, 45-032, Opole, Poland

    Paweł Świsłowski & Małgorzata Rajfur

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kastamonu, Türkiye

    Kaan Isinkaralar

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  1. Oznur Isinkaralar
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  2. Paweł Świsłowski
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  3. Kaan Isinkaralar
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  4. Małgorzata Rajfur
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Contributions

Oznur Isinkaralar: conceptualization; methodology; validation; formal analysis; visualization; investigation; data curation; writing—original draft; writing—reviewing and editing. Paweł Świsłowski: data curation, writing—reviewing and editing. Kaan Isinkaralar: validation; formal analysis; investigation; data curation; writing—original draft; writing—reviewing and editing. Małgorzata Rajfur: data curation, writing—reviewing and editing.

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Isinkaralar, O., Świsłowski, P., Isinkaralar, K. et al. Moss as a passive biomonitoring tool for the atmospheric deposition and spatial distribution pattern of toxic metals in an industrial city. Environ Monit Assess 196, 513 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12696-x

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