Abstract
Elastic bodies with cuspidal singularities at the surface are known to support wave processes in a finite volume which lead to absorption of elastic and acoustic oscillations (this effect is recognized in the engineering literature as Vibration Black Holes). With a simple argument we will give the complete description of the phenomenon of wave propagation towards the tip of a three-dimensional cusp and provide a formulation of the Mandelstam (energy) radiation conditions based on the calculation of the Umov-Poynting vector of energy transfer. Outside thresholds, in particular, above the lower bound of the continuous spectrum, these conditions coincide with ones due to the traditional Sommerfeld principle but also work at the threshold frequencies where the latter principle cannot indicate the direction of wave propagation. The energy radiation conditions supply the problem with a Fredholm operator of index zero so that a solution is determined up to a trapped mode with a finite elastic energy and exists provided the external loading is orthogonal to these modes. An example of a symmetric cuspidal body is presented which supports an infinite sequence of eigenfrequencies embedded into the continuous spectrum and the corresponding trapped modes with the exponential decay at the cusp tip. We also determine (unitary and symmetric) scattering matrices of two types and derive a criterion for the existence of a trapped mode with the power-low behavior near the tip.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Formulation of the Problem
Let \(\varOmega\) be a bounded elastic body in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\) with boundary \(\varGamma=\partial\varOmega\). We assume that the coordinate origin \(\mathcal{O}\) belongs to \(\varGamma\) and the punctured surface \(\varGamma\setminus{\mathcal{O}}\) is smooth. By \(\varGamma_{d}=\{x\in \partial\varPi_{d}:z=x_{3}< d\}\) we denote a neighborhood of a cuspidal singularity on the surface \(\partial\varOmega\), see Fig. 1, where
Here, \(d>0\), \(y=(y_{1},y_{2})=(x_{1},x_{2})\in\mathbb{R}^{2}\), \(\varpi\) is a bounded two-dimensional domain with smooth boundary \(\gamma=\partial\varpi\) and \(m\geq0\) is the sharpness exponent.
Elastic solid with a cusp
If \(m=0\), the cusp becomes a conical point and the domain \(\varOmega\) is Lipschitz, therefore, the problem on harmonic in time oscillations
has the discrete spectrum, namely the unbounded sequence of eigenfrequencies
Here, \(\sigma=(\sigma_{kj})\) and \(u=(u_{k})\) are the stress tensor and the displacement vector, respectively, \(\rho>0\) is the material density, and \(n=(n_{1},n_{2},n_{2})\) is the unit outward normal vector. It is known (see, e.g., [1]) that a similar structure of the spectrum is preserved for any \(m\in(0,1)\). However, for \(m\geq1\), the above problem gets the continuous spectrum \(\wp_{co}\neq\varnothing \) provoking wave processes in the finite volume (1.1).
In the most interesting practical case \(m=1\) such processes were observed experimentally and an engineering theory of spiked beams was suggested in [2, 3] and [4, 5] and other publications. This theory was used for constructing a series of devises absorbing elastic and acoustic oscillations (Vibration Black Holes), seeFootnote 1 Fig. 2.
Vibration Black Hole
Mathematical study of the spectrum of the problem (1.2), (1.3) was started in the paper [1], where it was proved the presence of the continuous spectrum for every \(m\geq1\). In [6] it was shown that the continuous spectrum covers the whole positive axis \(\overline{\mathbb{R}_{+}}=[0,+\infty)\) in the case of a “very sharp” cusp, i.e., with the sharpness exponent \(m>1\). The most difficult and interesting for applications case \(m=1\) was studied minutely in [7]. Based on the asymptotic methods [8, 9] a complete asymptotic decomposition of solutions to the problem (1.2), (1.3) was constructed and as a consequence it was proved the formula
for the continuous spectrum with an explicit formula, cf. (3.11) and (3.8), for the threshold \(\varLambda^{\dagger}>0\). Crucially simplified but formal calculations leading to (1.5) and to explicit forms of elastic waves are presented concisely in Sect. 2 of this paper.
Since in the case
the operator of the elasticity problem for the elastic body \(\varOmega\) corresponding to the weak formulation in the Sobolev space \(H^{1}(\varOmega)^{3}\), loses the Fredholm property according to [7], the question about radiation condition at the tip \(\mathcal{O}\) arises naturally and our paper proposes an answer to this question as well as provides a Fredholm operator to the elasticity problem and gives examples of trapped elastic modes.
1.2 The Mandel-Voigt Notation
In the fixed Cartesian coordinate system \(x=(y,z)\) we interpret the displacement vector as a column vector \((u_{1},u_{2},u_{3})^{\top}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\). Here \(\top\) stands for transposition and \(u_{j}\) is the projection of the vector \(u\) on the \(x_{j}\)-axis. We also introduce the strain column vector of height 6
where
are Cartesian components of the strain tensor of rank 2 and the factor \(\sqrt{2}\) is introduced in (1.7) to equalize the intrinsic norms of the tensor and column vector. The stress column vector has a structure similar to (1.7) and is connected with the strain column vector by Hooke’s law
where \(A\) is a symmetric and positive definite \(6\times6\)-matrix composed of the material elastic moduli. To simplify our demonstration, we assume that the elastic body \(\varOmega\) is homogeneous but anisotropic so that the matrix \(A\) and the density \(\rho\) are constant. The spectral parameter \(\varLambda\) is then defined according to (1.6) and throughout the paper we relate with \(\varLambda\) the notation \(\wp\) and \(\wp_{di}\), \(\wp_{co}\) for the spectrum and its discrete and continuous parts, respectively.
We note that
where \(\nabla\) is the gradient operator and \(D(\nabla)\) is \(6\times3\)-matrix of first order differential operators, namely
The same differential operator is met in the matrix form of problem (1.2), (1.3):
The left factor in (1.11) is obtained by the substitution \(\nabla\mapsto n(x)\) in (1.9).
1.3 Energy Space and Korn’s Inequality
The variational formulation of the problem (1.10), (1.11) runs as follows: to find non-trivial vector function \(u\in H^{1}(\varOmega)^{3}\) and a number \(\varLambda\) satisfying the integral identity
Here, \((\cdot,\cdot)_{\varOmega}\) is the natural inner product in the Lebesgue space \(L^{2}(\varOmega)\) or its vector version, \(H^{1}(\varOmega )\) is Sobolev space with the standard norm and the quadratic form
represents the doubled elastic energy stored in the solid \(\varOmega\). The superscript 3 in (1.12) indicates the number of components in the test vector function \(v=(v_{1},v_{2},v_{3})^{\top}\) but such indexes are omitted in the notation of norms and scalar products.
If the domain \(\varOmega\) is Lipschitz, the Korn inequality, see, e.g., [36],
is valid which implies that, first, the energy space \(\mathcal {W}(\varOmega )\) with the natural norm
coincides with the Sobolev space \(H^{1}(\varOmega)^{3}\) and, second, due to compactness of the embedding \(H^{1}(\varOmega)\subset L^{2}(\varOmega)\) the spectrum of the problem (1.10), (1.11) (or equivalently (1.12)) is discrete and assembles the monotone unbounded nonnegative sequence (1.4).
In the domain \(\varOmega\) with a cusp the inequality (1.14) is no longer valid and its substitute, namely a weighted anisotropic Korn inequality, was derived in [1, 10]. Its simplified version gets the form
Here, \(r=\mathrm{dist}(x,{\mathcal{O}})\) and \(u^{\prime}=(u_{1},u_{2})\). The distribution of weights on the left-hand side of (1.16) is optimal and the presence of vanishing (as \(r\to+0\)) weights leads to the following conclusions. First, if \(m>0\), the energy space \(\mathcal{W}(\varOmega)\) is much larger than the Sobolev space \(H^{1}( \varOmega)^{3}\), in particular, the integral identity (1.12) requires a modification. Second, if \(m\geq1\), then the inclusion \(\mathcal{W}( \varOmega)\subset L^{2}(\varOmega)^{3}\) loses its compactness and hence the spectrum of the problem (1.10), (1.11) is no longer discrete. This is one of the reasons for our study in [7] of the asymptotic behavior of elastic fields near the cusp tip and the next step is to establish the radiation conditions at the point \({\mathcal{O}}\).
1.4 Structure of the Paper
Formal asymptotic expansions of solutions to the problem (1.10), (1.11) are derived in Sect. 2 while the dimension reduction procedure leads to the limit system of ordinary differential equations of Euler’s type in the longitudinal coordinate \(z\). These expansions have been justified in the paper [7] but Theorem 1 in Sect. 3 provides a reformulated result which crucially simplifies all further considerations, namely we prove that the formal asymptotic expansion gives rise to certain three-dimensional elastic fields which entirely satisfy the problem (1.10), (1.11) in the \(d^{\prime}\)-neighborhood of the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\) with some \(d^{\prime}\in(0,d)\) and have power-law solutions of the limit system as the main asymptotic terms. It is important that any solution of the whole problem with a slow exponential growth can be represented as a linear combination of these solutions and a remainder which decays exponentially as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\).
Furthermore, in Sect. 3 we classify the above-mentioned solutions and pay the most attention to those who have the singularities \(z^{\pm i \kappa-5/2}\) with certain \(\kappa\in{\mathbb{R}}\), are called oscillatory waves, and transport elastic energy along the cusp (1.1). Based on the Mandelstam radiation conditions, we moreover classify the waves as incoming from and outgoing to the tip \(\mathcal {O}\).
In Sect. 4 we proceed with computing the Umov-Poynting vector of the elastic energy transfer which implies the symplectic form \(q\), see (4.4), indicates the direction of wave propagation and supports the above-mentioned Mandelstam classification. Moreover, the form \(q\) allows us to normalize the incoming and outgoing waves, cf., Sect. 4.3, and, as a result, to introduce the unitary and symmetric scattering matrix \(S\). In a similar way, we introduce the packets of the energy (\(\kappa>0\)) and non-energy (\(\kappa<0\)) waves with the singularities \(z^{\kappa-5/2}\) which involve a real exponent \(\kappa\) and make the total energy functional finite and infinite, respectively. These packets generate the augmented scattering matrix \(\mathfrak{S}\). It is an artificial object but imitates the classical scattering matrix, inherits its natural unitary and symmetry properties, and plays the most important role in our description of elastic trapped modes in the solid \(\varOmega\).
Section 5 is devoted to examination of the solvability of the problem
cf., the homogeneous problem (1.10), (1.11), under certain assumptions on the right-hand sides \(f\) and \(g\). First of all, we verify in Sect. 5.1 that, for
i.e., below the threshold \(\varLambda^{\dagger}>0\), see (1.5), the variational formulation of the elasticity problem in the cuspidal domain \(\varOmega\) readily generates a Fredholm operator in the energy space \(\mathcal{W}(\varOmega)\) (Proposition 1). In other words, under the restriction (1.19), the cuspidal boundary irregularity (1.1) does not change the general properties of the elasticity problem.
In Sect. 5.2 we prove that in the rotational symmetric isotropic bodies the problem (1.10), (1.11) have an infinite unbounded sequence of eigenvalues while the corresponding elastic eigenmodes enjoy the exponential decay as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\). It is remarkable that an infinite part of this sequence belongs to the continuous spectrum (1.5), i.e., we present an example of an unbounded family of embedded eigenvalues.
In Sect. 5.3 we determine the augmented scattering matrix \(\mathfrak{S}\) and verify its properties. It gives in Theorem 2 a criterion of the existence of trapped modes with the power-law behavior near the tip \(\mathcal {O}\). Moreover, a simple formula (5.41) reproduces the traditional scattering matrix \(S\) which describes the wave processes in the elastic body \(\varOmega\). Finally, in Sect. 5.5 we formulate the (energy) Mandelstam radiation conditions and provide a Fredholm operator of index zero for the problem (1.17), (1.18) in weighted spaces with detached asymptotics (Theorem 3).
It is worth mentioning that the detailed investigation in Sects. 2–4 of asymptotics inside the cusp allows us to reduce the mathematical tools in Sect. 5 to quite simple algebraic operations and does not require a complicated analysis of the original boundary value problem.
2 Formal Asymptotic Analysis
2.1 Preamble
The cusp (1.1) has a special geometrical feature, namely the diameter \(O(z_{0}^{1+m})\) of the cross-section
is much smaller that the distance \(z_{0}>0\) from \(\varpi(z_{0})\) to the cusp tip \(\mathcal{O}\). This observation suggests to apply the theory of thin elastic rods (see [11, 12] for engineering theories and [13], [14, Ch. 6], [15, Ch. 5], [16] for mathematical results). In this section we use the asymptotic procedure of the dimension reduction [15, 17], see also [1, 18–20] for application to elastic cusps, in order to derive a limit system of ordinary differential equations in the variable \(z\). However, this approach cannot justify asymptotic expansions. For an elastic rod, e.g., with a constant cross-section, estimates for asymptotic remainders are usually derived by means of variants of Korn’s inequality (cf., the review paper [21]) but the weighted Korn inequality (1.16) cannot help to achieve the goal mainly due to the degeneration of the cross-section \(\varpi(z)\) as \(z\to+0\). In order to formulate radiation conditions and to present the Fredholm operator of the problem we make use of results in [7] which are based on a different, much more elaborated technique [8, 9], where such problems are treated as an abstract ordinary differential equation with variable operator coefficients and an asymptotic theory based on a spectral splitting, is developed in the above cited references.
2.2 Asymptotic Ansatz
In what follows we always consider the sharpness exponent \(m=1\) which is accepted in all engineering experiments and applicable works. In the mathematical theory of thin elastic rods with variable cross-section (compare formulas (2.1), (1.9) and, cf., [15, 17, 22]) the displacement vector is sought in the form
where the first pair of terms is independent of the elastic properties of the body \(\varOmega\) and the shape of the cross-section \(\varpi\), namely
Here, \(e_{(k)}\) is the unit vector of the \(x_{k}\)-axis and the linear vector function
corresponds to rotation about the axis of the cusp. Notice that the additional factor \(2^{1/2}\) in comparison with the usual definition of the rotation vector is in consistence with the previous formulas (1.7) and (1.9) containing these factors, too. The functions \(w_{1}\), \(w_{2}\), \(w_{3}\) and \(w_{4}\) in (2.3) and (2.4) assemble the vector function
which will be found later on together with the higher-order terms \(U^{0},U^{1},\ldots\) in the asymptotic ansatz (2.2).
Since the main goal of our paper is to describe the behavior of elastic fields near the cusp tip \(\mathcal{O}\), i.e., as \(z\to+0\), we have to specify the dependence on \(z\) of each term in the ansatz (2.2). We note that the first term (2.3) generates bending of the cusp (1.1) and the sum \(w_{3}(z)e_{(3)}+w_{4}(z)\theta(y)\) in (2.4) corresponds to the longitudinal displacement and twisting of \(\varPi_{d}\). Referring to the experience of everyday life, we recall that to bend any rod is much easier than to stretch or twist it. Therefore, we assign a faster growth as \(z\to+0\) to the summand (2.3) than to other summands in (2.2) as follows:
Here, \(\kappa\in\mathbb{C}\), \(z^{-5/2}\) is a convenient normalization factor, \(\mathcal{U}^{-2}\) is a constant column vector and \(\mathcal{U}^{-1}\), \(\mathcal{U}^{0}\), \(\mathcal{U}^{1}\) are vector functions in the fast transversal variables
The variables (2.9) are introduced in such a way that the cross-section of the cusp is given by the simple inclusion \(\eta \in\varpi\).
According to the basic formulas (2.3) and (2.4), the relations (2.7) as well as (2.8) with \(p=-1\) are satisfied provided
where \(\mathcal{W}=(\mathcal{W}_{1},\mathcal{W}_{2},\mathcal {W}_{3},\mathcal{W}_{4})^{ \top}\) is a constant column vector. It is important that, by (2.9) and (2.5), we obtain
Validation of the accepted anzätze is confirmed by results in [1, 7] and our consideration below.
2.3 Splitting Differential Operators
Due to the definition (1.1) the normal vector at the surface \(\varGamma_{d}=\{x\in\partial\varOmega:z< d\}=\{x\in\partial \varPi_{d}:z< d\}\) takes the form
where \(\eta=(\eta_{1},\eta_{2})^{\top}\) is a column vector of the stretched coordinates (2.9), \(\nu=(\nu_{1},\nu_{2})^{\top}\) is the unit outward normal to the boundary \(\gamma\) of the domain \(\varpi\) in the plane \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) and \(n_{0}\) is a normalization factor.
The matrix differential operators \(L(\nabla)=L(\nabla_{y},\partial _{z})\) and \(N(x,\nabla)=N(y,z,\nabla_{y},\partial_{z})\) on the left-hand sides of Eqs. (1.10) and (1.11), respectively, admit the decompositions
whereFootnote 2
and \(\partial_{z}=\partial/\partial z\), \(\nabla_{y}=(\partial/ \partial y_{1},\partial/\partial y_{2})^{\top}\). We note that
i.e., the gradient operator \(\nabla_{y}\) in the transversal variables reduces the exponent by two but the derivative \(\partial_{z}\) in the longitudinal variable by one only. Therefore, the operators \(L^{p}\) and \(N^{p}\) from (2.14) are formally assigned with conventional orders \(p-4\) and \(p-2\), respectively.
Inserting (2.2) and (2.13) into Eqs. (1.10) and (1.11) restricted onto the sets \(\varPi_{d}\) and \(\varGamma _{d}\setminus {\mathcal{O}}\), respectively, we collect terms of alike orders in \(z\) and compose two-dimensional elastic problems on the cross-section \(\varpi(z)\) of the cusp \(\varPi_{d}\), see (2.1) and (1.1),
Here, \(q=-2,\ldots,2\), \(U^{p}=0\) for \(p<-2\), and \(\delta_{p,q}\) is the Kronecker symbol. We emphasize that the inertial term \(\varLambda u\) on the right-hand side of (1.10) generates the term \(\varLambda U^{-2}\) in the problem (2.15) for \(U^{2}\).
2.4 Solving the Recurrent Sequence of Problems
As was shown in [1], see also [7, 17, 22] and [15, Sect. 7.3], the sequence of the problems (2.15) and their compatibility conditions lead to one-dimensional limit spectral ordinary differential equations in the variable \(z\). Let us implement this procedure.
First of all, we observe that the vector functions (2.3) and (2.4) satisfy the problems (2.15) with \(q=-2\) and \(q=-1\), respectively. Indeed, \(F^{-2}=0\), \(G^{-2}=0\) and the operators \(L^{0}\) and \(N^{0}\) differentiate in the variables \(y=(y_{1},y_{2})\) only but the latter are absent in \(U^{-2}\). Furthermore, according to (1.9), we have
Using these equalities together with formulas (2.14) for \(L^{0}\), \(N^{0}\) and \(L^{1}\), \(N^{1}\) as well as the definition (2.3), (2.4) of \(U^{-2}\), \(U^{-1}\), one checks that relations (2.15) with \(q=-1\) are satisfied too.
The rigid motions \(e_{(1)}\), \(e_{(2)}\), \(e_{(3)}\) (translations) and \(\theta(y)\) (rotation) form a basis in the subspace of solutions to the homogeneous (cf. (2.15) with \(F^{q}=0\) and \(G^{q}=0\)) elasticity problem in \(\varpi(z)\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}\): indeed, the formulas
are evident and, moreover,
Thus, according to the Fredholm alternative, the problem (2.15) is solvable if and only if the following four compatibility conditions are valid:
where \(F^{q}_{k}\) and \(G^{q}_{k}\) are Cartesian components of the vectors \(F^{q}\) and \(G^{q}\) respectively.
The right-hand sides of the problem (2.15) with \(q=0\) take the form
Since \(D(\nabla_{y},0)U^{-1}+D(0,\partial_{z})U^{-2}=0\), the last terms on the right-hand sides of (2.18) vanish due to (2.3), (2.4) and (1.9). Therefore,
where
Integrating by parts, one easily verifies the compatibility conditions (2.17) with \(q=0\) and the representation
where \(X=(X^{1},X^{2},X^{3},X^{4})\) is a \(3\times4\)-matrix function satisfying the problem
Formulas (2.22) accept \(3\times4\)-matrices, i.e., the column vectors \(X^{1},\ldots,X^{4}\) are solutions of the two-dimensional elasticity problem with special right-hand sides. The structure of the matrix \(Y\) in (2.20) guarantees the following relations:
We now consider the problem (2.15) with \(q=1\) which gets the right-hand sides
Notice that, according to the definitions (1.1) and (2.1), any smooth function \(T\) satisfies the relation
Let us proceed with the first two (\(k=1,2\)) compatibility conditions in (2.17). The first summand on the right-hand side of (2.24) does not contribute in these conditions due to Gauss-Ostrogradsky Theorem. Using the formula (2.25) with \(T=D(0,1)^{\top}A(D(\nabla_{y}, 0)U ^{0}+D(0,\nabla_{z})U^{-1})\), we derive
Here, we have applied the identity (2.16). Now the right-hand side of (2.26) vanishes because of Eq. (2.22).
Dealing with two other compatibility conditions involving the vectors \(e_{(3)}\) and \(\theta\), we proceed in a similar way, namely the formula (2.25) yields
Finally, we consider two first (\(k=1,2\)) compatibility conditions (2.17) with \(q=2\). The corresponding problem (2.15) involves the vector functions
Similarly to (2.24), the first terms on the right-hand sides cancel each other after integrating over \(\varpi(z)\) and \(\partial\varpi(z)\), respectively. The remaining terms are converted as in (2.26) and we obtain
Note that \(|\varpi(z_{0})|=z_{0}^{4}|\varpi|\) is the area of the cross-section (2.1). Now taking the equality (2.15) with \(q=1\) and the relations (2.24) into account, we transform the difference of two integrals in the last two lines of (2.28) into the expression
Here, we have used formulas (2.25), (2.21) and (2.19). As a result, we append (2.27) with two differential equations
2.5 The Limit System of Ordinary Differential Equations
First, we note that the column vectors
forming the matrix \(Y(y)\) in (2.20), appear on the left-hand sides of Eqs. (2.30) and (2.27) respectively (transposed and with minus sign). Thus, the system obtained in the previous section can be rewritten in a concise, that is, matrix form
Here, \(\mathcal{T}=\mathrm{diag}\{1,1,0,0\}\) is the diagonal matrix and the matrix \(\mathcal {A}\) enjoys the representation
The last equality is supported by Eq. (2.22) because
The matrix \(\mathcal{A}(z)\) of size \(4\times4\) is a Gram matrix, i.e., it is symmetric and positive definite (a proof can be found in the papers [17, 22], the book [15, Proposition 5.1.2], and others). Furthermore, the formulas (2.20) and (2.24) maintain the polynomial dependence on the variable \(z\):
Therefore, (2.31) is a system of differential equations of Euler’s type and admits solutions in the form (2.6), (2.10).
2.6 Isotropic Homogeneous Elastic Material
For an isotropic material, the matrix \(A\) from Hooke’s law (1.8) looks as follows:
where \(\lambda\geq0\) and \(\mu> 0\) are the Lamè constants. The matrix \(\mathcal{A}(z)\) from (2.31) takes an explicit form (see [13], [17], [23, Sect. 3.6], [15, §5.2] etc.), namely the constant middle multiplier in the decomposition (2.33) has the representation
Here, \(E=\mu\frac{3\lambda+2\mu}{\lambda+\mu}\) is Young’s modulus while \(|\varpi|\), \(P(\varpi)\), and \(I(\varpi)\) are the area, the center of gravity, and the inertia tensor of the domain \(\varpi \in\mathbb{R}^{2}\), respectively, that is,
Furthermore, \(G(\varpi)\) is the torsional stiffness of the cross-section \(\varpi\), which is calculated through the Prandtl stress function \(\varPsi\):
If the coordinate origin coincides with the center of gravity of the domain \(\varpi\) and the \(y_{j}\)-axes, \(j=1,2\), are directed along the principal axes of the inertia tensor \(I(\varpi)\), we obtain
so that the matrix \(\mathcal{A}(z)\) becomes diagonal.
3 Waves
3.1 Reduction of the Resulting System of Ordinary Differential Equations
We split the matrix (2.32) into blocks of size \(2\times2\) as follows:
In what follows we also split column vectors in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\) into a couple of column vectors of height 2 and supply the latter with subscripts \(\sharp\) and •. In this way we introduce the vector functions
In the new notation the last two lines (2.27) in the system (2.31) become
Hence, the first two lines (2.30) of the same system can be rewritten as
Simple algebraic calculations show that the \(2\times2\)-matrix
inherits the symmetry and positiveness properties from the matrix \(\mathcal{A}\) in (2.32), cf., [7], Sect. 2.4. By (2.33), it admits the representation
We denote eigenvalues of the matrix \(M\) by
and the corresponding eigenvectors by \(\mathcal{W}_{\sharp}^{1}\) and \(\mathcal{W}_{\sharp}^{2}\) while their normalization will be clarified in Sect. 4.2.
3.2 Power-Logarithmic Solutions
Components of the eigenvectors \(\mathcal{W}^{j}_{\sharp}\) are to be taken as coefficients of the power-law solutions \(w_{1}\) and \(w_{2}\) in the representation (2.10). We set
Inserting (3.6) into (3.3) gives the following biquadratic equation for the exponent \(\kappa\):
Hence,
Let us sort out the power-law solutions (3.6) generated by roots of Eq. (3.7). Thus, in the case
Eq. (3.7) has two real and two pure imaginary roots
and
In the case
all roots of the biquadratic equations (3.7) with \(j=1\) and \(j=2\) are real and besides four of them are positive and four are negative. In the cases \(\varLambda\in(\varLambda_{1}^{+},\varLambda_{2}^{+})\) or \(\varLambda\in(\varLambda_{2}^{+},+\infty)\) the equation has two or four purely imaginary roots. The case \(\varLambda=\varLambda^{\dagger}\) will be considered below.
Using the roots (3.9) and (3.10), one readily finds out the power-law solutions (3.6) of the system (3.3). Moreover, the relation
which follows from (3.2), restores the column vectors of the solutions (2.11) under the conditions \(\kappa\neq3/2\) and \(\kappa\neq7/2\). If \(\kappa=3/2\) or \(\kappa=7/2\), the indefinite integral in (3.12) gives rise to logarithmical factors, i.e., \(w_{\bullet}\) takes the form
Logarithms also appear in the case \(\varLambda=\varLambda_{j}\), when null is a double root of Eq. (3.7). Then two corresponding solutions to the system (3.3) are
The column vectors \(w_{\bullet}^{j0}(z)\) and \(w_{\bullet}^{j1}(z)\) are found through the formula (3.12) wherein \(w_{\bullet}^{j1}(z)\) gains logarithm, too.
Finally, we write two evident constant solutions of the system (2.31)
which admit the form (2.10), (2.11) with \(\kappa_{3}=3/2\) and \(\kappa_{4}=7/2\) but are not obtained by the reduction scheme in Sect. 3.1. Since this system is formally self-adjoint there exist two other solutions
No logarithm occurs in (3.16).
All power-logarithmic solutions to the system (2.31) have been constructed.
3.3 Elastic Waves in the Cusp
We recall our splitting rule in Sect. 3.2, see (3.1), and observe that, under the restriction (3.8), the power-law solutions of the system (3.3) with complex exponents
generate the displacements fields \(u^{j\pm}\) which are given by the formulas (2.2)–(2.4) and (2.21), where the role of the vector function (2.6) is played by
and \(w_{\bullet}^{j\pm}(z)\) has the form (3.12). Evaluating the deformation column vector (1.7) on the basis of formulas (2.2)–(2.4) and(2.21) provides the relation
Here and in what follows, ellipsis stands for inessential higher-order terms in asymptotic expansions. Thus, the linear elastic energy at the cross-section \(\varpi(z)\) is equal to
The fact that the linear energy is inversely proportional to the distance from the cusp tip \(\mathcal{O}\), means that the bulk energy induced by the wave (3.17) in the cusp fragment
does not depend on the distance \(\rho\) from the tip \(\mathcal {O}\), that is,
Thus, in the logarithmic scale, the total energy of the cusp fragment (3.21) gains negligible changes when \(\rho\) tends to zero and the fragment \(\varPi_{K\rho}^{\rho}\) approaches the tip \(\mathcal {O}\). This observation characterizes \(\varLambda\) in (3.8) as a point of the continuous spectrum of problem (1.10), (1.11) (compare with similar considerations in [24] in the case of a cylindrical waveguide). A mathematical argument appeals to singular Weyl sequences (see, e.g., [25, Sect. 9.2]) which had been constructed in [1, 7].
3.4 Propagation of Waves
We accept the relationship (3.8) so that the system (2.31) admits a solution (3.18) with the complex exponent \(\pm i\kappa-5/2\). Then, let us consider a harmonic in time wave \(\operatorname{Re} \mathbf{u}^{j\pm}(t,x)\), where
and \(u^{j\pm}\) is the displacement vector (2.2) generated by a solution (3.17) of the system (3.3), cf. Sect. 3.5. Due to (2.3), (2.4) and (2.10), (2.12) we have
In this way, the transverse oscillations dominate over the longitudinal one in the cusp, cf., Sect. 2.2. Furthermore, formulas (3.19) and (2.20), (2.24) show that the deformation column vector \(\varepsilon(u^{j\pm})\) as well as the stress column vector \(\sigma(u^{j\pm})=A\varepsilon(u^{j\pm})\), see (1.8), get the order \(\mathcal{O}(z^{-5/2})\), and all four components of the solution (3.18) to the system (2.31) are involved into these column vectors.
The leading term in the asymptotic representation of the displacement field (3.23) converts into
cf., (3.1) and remains unchanged under the following relation between time and distance variables \(t\) and \(z\):
This relation means that the wave \(\mathbf{u}^{j-}\) propagates in direction to the tip \(\mathcal{O}\), since in the case \(t_{1}< t_{2}\) the corresponding coordinates \(z_{1}\) and \(z_{2}\) from (3.24) (with minus sign) meet the inequality \(z_{2}< z_{1}\). Conversely, the wave \(\mathbf{u}^{j+}\) propagates in direction from the tip of the cusp \(\varPi_{d}\) to the solid \(\varOmega\setminus\varPi_{d}\). Moreover, in a certain (rather obscure) sense the waves \(\mathbf{u}^{j-}\) and \(\mathbf{u}^{j+}\) require infinite time to reach the tip and then to return to the massive part \(\varOmega \setminus\varPi_{d}\) of the body.
The above classification of waves (the outgoing wave \(\mathbf{u}^{j-}\) and the incoming wave \(\mathbf{u}^{j+}\)) is mainly based on the classical Sommerfeld radiation principle, see, e.g., [26, 27]. However, it is known (see [28] as well as [29, Ch. 1], [30] and other publications), that in elastic waveguides, even of cylindrical shape, direction of the wave propagation according to Sommerfeld can differ from the direction of the energy transfer because of the opposite sign of the group velocity. In this way, the limiting absorption principle [26, 27] is usually applied although it does not work at the thresholds of the continuous spectrum (see a discussion in [29, Ch. 1] and an example in [30, §5]). Clearly, the Sommerfeld radiation principle also does not serve for our threshold case \(\kappa=0\). Since we want to cover the whole continuous spectrum, in the next section we employ the universal approach which refers to the Umov-Poynting vector [31, 32] and the energy radiation conditions due to L. Mandelstam [33] (see also [29, Ch. 1] and [30]) and adapt them to wave propagation in cuspidal elastic solids. Furthermore, we will demonstrate in Sect. 5 that the corresponding radiation conditions guarantee a correct formulation of the problem in weighted spaces with detached asymptotics.
3.5 Notation and Terminology of Further Use
In the one-dimensional model we will call oscillatory the complex-valued waves (3.18) with \(\kappa>0\). In the case \(\kappa=0\) these waves become standing while waves with the components (3.12) and (3.14) are resonant due to presence of the additional growing factor \(\log z\); both the waves can be chosen real. Notice that we systematically ignore the factors \(z^{-5/2}\) in \(w_{\sharp}(z)\) and similar factors in \(w_{\bullet}(z)\) whose role is to provide the linear energy (3.20) on the cross-section \(\varpi(z)\) with the independence property discussed in Sect. 3.3. Without the weighting factors the introduced terminology is quite similar to the traditional terminology in cylindrical waveguides, cf. [26, 27, 29] and others.
This terminology also applies to the displacement fields \(u\) defined according to (2.2)–(2.4), (2.21) in the three-dimensional cusp (1.1). In this way, all above-mentioned waves make the elastic energy infinite in the intact set \(\varPi_{d}\), see the representation (3.22) with \(K\rightarrow+0\). The same property is attributed to waves initiated by the component (3.6) with \(\kappa<0\) but in the case \(\kappa>0\) the elastic energy computed in \(\varPi_{d}\) for the corresponding three-dimensional ansatz (2.2) becomes finite. The latter waves with \(\kappa>0\) and \(\kappa<0\) will be recognized as energy and non-energy waves.
To formulate the radiation conditions, we will need only three terms in the representation
of the three-dimensional displacement vector generated by a solution \(w\) of the limit system (2.31) but only one term in the representation
of the corresponding strain column vector while the stress column vector \(\widehat{\sigma}(\widehat{u};y,z)\) is computed according to Hooke’s law (1.8). The sum (3.25) is obtained by inserting (2.3), (2.4) and (2.21) into the truncated ansatz (2.2). We will calculate the strain tensor (3.26) in Sect. 4.3, see (4.9).
In the paper [7] a procedure is described to construct the complete asymptotic series for these elastic fields. Moreover, according to Sect. 4.9 in [7], any solution \(w\) of the system (2.31) gives rise to the three-dimensional displacement vector \(u\) which has the sum (3.25) as the main asymptotic term and satisfies the differential equations (1.2) in \(\varPi_{d^{\prime}}\) and the boundary conditions (1.3) on \(\varGamma_{d^{\prime}}\) with some \(d^{\prime}\in(0,d]\) but of course no boundary condition is imposed on \(u\) at the cross-section \(\overline{\omega(d^{\prime})}= \partial\varPi_{d^{\prime}}\setminus\varGamma_{d^{\prime}}\).
More exactly, a formal asymptotic solution to the problem (1.10), (1.11)
is constructed in [7], where coefficients of the series actually are written under the coordinate change
Here, \(k=1,\ldots,12\), the functions \(u_{k0}^{p}(\eta,z)\), \(p=-2,-1,0,1\), coincide with the functions (2.7), (2.8), where the function \(w\) is chosen according to (3.6) and for the exponent \(\kappa\) one of 12 possibilities described in Sect. 3.2 is taken into account. Other terms with indexes \(j>0\) get additional factors \(z^{j}\) and possibly \((\log z)^{p_{j}}\). Let
In [7, Sect. 4.9] it was proved that for each \(N\) there exists a solution of the problem (1.10), (1.11) in \(\varPi_{d^{\prime}}\) with a certain small \(d^{\prime}>0\) in the form
where \(\widetilde{u}^{N}_{k}\) admits the estimate
with an exponent \(\gamma\) independent of \(N\).
Theorem 1
There exists a positive constant \(\delta\) with the following property. If a solution \(u\) to the problem (1.10), (1.11) restricted on the cusp \(\varPi_{d}\) satisfies the condition
then this solution admits the asymptotic representation in the form
where \(\widehat{u}^{k}\) are the vector functions (3.29), (3.30), the remainder enjoys the decay property
and the coefficients in (3.32) meet the estimate
Proof
Using variables \(\eta\) and \(t=z^{-1}\), we can write the problem (1.10), (1.11) restricted on the cusp \(\varPi_{d}\) as a variational problem with constant coefficients in a half-cylinder perturbed by an differential operator with coefficients vanishing at infinity, see Sect. 10.8 [8] for an abstract treatment of such variational problems. Now we want to apply Theorem 9.3.2 together with Remark 10.8.14 in [8]. In our case the spectrum of the operator pencil corresponding to the Neumann problem for the elasticity operator in the cylinder \(\varpi\times\mathbb{R}\) consists of eigenvalues of finite algebraic multiplicity and there is only one eigenvalue \(\lambda=0\) of multiplicity 12 on the imaginary axis (we note that the notation in [8] uses the additional factor \(i\) in the definition of eigenvalues). Moreover, there exist \(\delta>0\) such that there is no eigenvalues in the strip \(\{\lambda\in{\mathbb{C}}:| \operatorname{Im}\lambda|\leq\delta\}\) with exception of \(\lambda=0\). Using the notation from Theorem 9.3.2 [8], we can set \(k_{+}^{(1)}=k_{-}^{(2)}=0\), \(k_{-}^{(1)}=\delta\), \(k_{+}^{(2)}=- \delta\). Moreover, we observe that the space \({\mathcal{X}}(L)\) coincides with the linear combination of the solutions \(\widehat{u} ^{k}\) constructed above.Footnote 3 Now the reference to Theorem 9.3.2 [8] proves our theorem. □
It is worth to observe that the expression (3.25) with the constant solutions (3.15) converts into the rigid motions
a longitudinal displacement and a rotation about the \(z\)-axis, respectively, but, for any \(\varLambda>0\), the whole vector functions \(u^{30}\) and \(u^{40}\) mentioned in the previous paragraph differ from (3.34) because rigid motion does not satisfy the problem (1.10), (1.11). Inside the continuous spectrum the transverse displacements \((1,0,0)^{\top}\) and \((0,1,0)^{\top}\), being rigid motions too, turn into oscillatory waves which will be examined in the next section.
Finally, we mention that a power-law solution with the components (2.10), (2.11) generates a three-dimensional displacement field \(u\) with the finite energy functional
if and only if
It is remarkable that, for the oscillating waves (3.19), the differences \(u^{j\pm}-\widehat{u}^{j\pm}\) again keeps the energy functional \(E(u;\varPi_{d^{\prime}})\) finite.
4 Energy Radiation Conditions
4.1 The Umov-Poynting Vector
The vector \(J(u;t,x)\) of energy transfer was introduced by N.A. Umov in [31] for elasticity and acoustic problems and by J.H. Poynting in [32] for electro-magnetic problems. It describes the energy flux through a part \(\varSigma=\partial\varTheta\setminus\partial \varOmega\) of the boundary of a chosen subdomain \(\varTheta\) in \(\varOmega\), in other words,
where \(n(x)\) stands for the unit outward normal, \(E(\mathbf {u};t,\varTheta )\) is the total (elastic plus kinematic) energy,
compare with the quadratic form (1.13). According to formula (3.23) for \(\mathbf{u}\), we have
The last integral over \(\varTheta\) is null due to the differential equations (1.10) and the surface integral can be reduced to the surface \(\varSigma\) because the integrand vanishes on \(\partial \varTheta \setminus\varSigma\subset\partial\varOmega\) due to the boundary condition (1.11) (clearly, there is no radiation of energy through traction-free surfaces). Comparing (4.1) and (4.2), we see that components of the Umov-Poynting vector are given by
4.2 Energy Radiation Conditions
The energy radiation conditions due to L. Mandelstam [33] (see also the publications [29, 30] and many others) associate direction of wave propagation with direction of the energy transfer. To be more precise, the wave \(\mathbf{u}(t,x)=e^{-i\omega t}u(x)\), cf. (3.23), propagates in the direction to the cusp tip \(\mathcal{O}\) provided the \(z\)-axis projection \(\mathbf{J}_{3}(\mathbf{u};z)\) of the mean value in \(t\in(0,2\pi /\omega)\) of the Umov-Poynting vector
is negative. Here, we introduced the symplectic, that is, sesquilinear and anti-Hermitian, form
which appears as a surface integral in Green’s formula on \(\varPi^{ \rho}_{d}\). The inequality \(\operatorname{Im} q_{z}(u,u)<0\) means that the wave \(u\) transports the total energy in the direction of the cusp tip \(\mathcal{O}\) while the inequality \(\operatorname{Im} q_{z}(u,u)>0\) indicates the opposite direction of energy transfer.
4.3 Normalization of Oscillatory Waves
Let us calculate the limit
for the field \(u^{j\pm}\) generated by the solution (3.18) of the system (2.31). In the representation formula (3.25) for the displacement field it is sufficient to take into account two terms (2.3) and (2.4) only, that is,
but in comparison with (3.26) the representation formula for the deformation column vector must also involve the additional term (2.21), namely
The first two terms in (4.8) vanish by the definitions (2.3) and (2.4) and the third one can be converted by means of (2.21) and (2.18), (2.19). These lead to
Since the area of the cross-section \(\varpi(z)\) is \(O(z^{4})\), the achieved accuracy in (4.7) and (4.9) is sufficient to calculate the limit (4.6).
We note that according to (1.9) and (2.3), see also (2.16),
and, hence,
The last equality results from integrating by parts and taking (2.22) into account. Moreover,
Therefore, in view of the definition (2.32), we have
Finally,
These calculations are performed similarly to (2.28) and (2.29) by recalling the relation (2.16) together with the problem (2.15) at \(q=1\) and integrating by parts. As a result, the factor in front of \(A\) in the last integral converts into rows of the matrix \(Y(y)^{\top}\) from (2.20) with minus sign. In this way, the expression (4.10) coincides with
We again use the notion introduced in (3.1). We further have
and, owing to (3.17), we have
Now the normalization
of the eigenvectors of the \(2\times2\)-matrix \(M\) from (3.5) provides the orthogonality and normalization conditions
where the second equality follows from the obvious relation
4.4 Logarithmic Packets of Standing and Resonance Waves
Comparing the relations (4.3) and (4.11), we see that
i.e., according to the Mandelstam energy principle, the wave \(u^{j-}\) propagates to the tip of the cusp, and \(u^{j+}\) propagates from the tip. This classification does not differ from that observed in Sect. 3.4 due to the Sommerfeld principle. As was mentioned, the latter principle is not applicable for the standing wave \(u^{j0}\) as well as the resonance wave \(u^{j1}\), constructed according to (2.2) with the help of the power-law solution \(w^{j0}\) and the power-logarithmic solution \(w^{j1}\) to the system (3.3) at the threshold \(\varLambda=\varLambda_{j}\), see (3.8) and (3.6), (3.13), (3.14) respectively. Furthermore, since solutions \(w^{jp}\) are real-valued, we have the equalities
which means that the waves \(u^{j0}\) and \(u^{j1}\) do not transport energy at all. At the same time, repeating the above calculations yields
Hence, the normalization of the eigenvectors of the matrix \(M\)
gives us the formulas
Following [34] and [14, Ch. 6], we introduce the wave packets
and note that according to (4.13) and (4.14), the orthogonality and normalization conditions (4.11) are valid as well. We see that the Mandelstam principle services even for the threshold situation, detecting the packet \(u^{j-}\), generated by the solution \(w^{j-}_{ \sharp}\) of the system (3.3) as propagating to the cusp tip, and the packet \(u^{j+}\) in the opposite direction. In other words, the corresponding three-dimensional waves \(u^{j-}\) and \(u^{j+}\) must be called outgoing and incoming, respectively.
4.5 Packets of Non-energy Waves
Dealing with the constant energy waves (3.15) and didymous non-energy waves (3.16) which are real-valued, we immediately arrive at the formulas (4.13) with \(j=3,4\). At the same time, by a proper choice of the constant vectors \(\mathcal{W}^{p}=(\mathcal{W}^{p1}, \dots,\mathcal{W}^{p4})^{\top}\) in (3.16), determined up to a multiplicative constant, we achieve the relations (4.14) with \(j=3,4\). The latter has a clear mechanical reason because the three-dimensional realizations \(u^{31}\) and \(u^{41}\) of the power-law solutions (3.16) exhibit nothing but a longitudinal force and a torque about the \(z\)-axis. Finally, the analogous to (4.15) formulas with \(j=3,4\)
define non-energy wave packets which are recognized by the Mandelstam radiation principle as outgoing (minus) and incoming (plus).
The same structure (4.16) applies to the energy (\(\kappa>0\)) and non-energy (\(\kappa<0\)) waves (3.6), (3.12) generated by real roots of the quadratic equation (3.7) in the case of its positive right-hand side. Namely, fixing a power-law solution \(w^{j0}=(w^{j0} _{\sharp},w^{j0}_{\bullet})\) with some root \(\kappa_{j}>0\) we find its “companion” \(w^{j1}=(w^{j1}_{\sharp},w^{j1}_{\bullet})\) with the root \(-\kappa_{j}<0\) such that the relations (4.13) and (4.14) are valid. Now the definition (4.16) gives us the outgoing \(w^{j-}\) and incoming \(w^{j+}\) waves in the one-dimensional model which in turn produce the three-dimensional waves \(u^{j-}\) and \(u^{j+}\) in the cusp (1.1).
It should be mentioned that the packets (4.16) are artificial objects needed for intermediate calculations in the next section.
5 Solvability of the Elasticity Problem in Domains with Cusps
5.1 The Spectral Parameter is Below the Cutoff Value
The interval \((0,\varLambda^{\dagger})\), cf., (3.11), below the continuous spectrum (1.1) contains only points of the discrete spectrum \(\wp_{di}\) with finite total multiplicity \(\#\wp_{di}\). Thus, the solvability theorem on the elasticity problem (1.17), (1.18) in the variational form
reads in the standard way, although in the integral identity (5.1) the energy space \(\mathcal{W}(\varOmega)\) with the norm (1.15) differs from the traditional Sobolev space \(H^{1}(\varOmega)^{3}\). By \(\mathcal{L}_{\varLambda}\), we denote the space of eigenmodes, that is, solutions \(w\in{\mathcal{W}}(\varOmega)\) of the homogeneous (\(F=0\)) variational problem (5.1) with the spectral parameter \(\varLambda\) or the boundary value problem (1.10), (1.11).
Proposition 1
Let \(F\in{\mathcal{W}}(\varOmega)^{\ast}\) be an anti-linear continuous functional in the space \(\mathcal{W}(\varOmega)\) such that
Then the problem (5.1) with the parameter \(\varLambda\in(0, \varLambda^{\dagger})\) has a solution \(u\in{\mathcal{W}}(\varOmega)\) which is determined up to an addendum in \(\mathcal{L}_{\varLambda}\), an eigenmode. The orthogonality conditions
make the solution unique and assure the estimate
with a factor \(c\) which depends on the domain \(\varOmega\), the elastic moduli matrix \(A\), and the spectral parameter \(\varLambda\) but is independent of the functional \(F\).
In view of the weighted anisotropic Korn inequality (1.16), see [1, 10], which predicts a possible behavior of the energy solutions \(u\in{\mathcal{W}}(\varOmega)\) at the tip \(\mathcal {O}\) of the cusp \(\varPi_{d}\), the particular functional on the right-hand side of (5.1)
with the volume force \(f\) and the surface loading \(g\) in the elasticity problem (1.17), (1.18) becomes continuous in \(\mathcal {W}(\varOmega )\) provided
Notice that, owing to shrinking of the cusp cross-section as \(z\rightarrow+0\), the inclusions (5.5) allows for growing right-hand sides in the problem (1.17), (1.18), namely the following relations can be valid with any exponent \(\tau<5/2\):
Finally, we describe the behavior of elastic fields satisfying the problem (1.17), (1.18) with external loadings applied at a distance from the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\), for example,
The restrictions (5.6), of course, are met in this case. The following relations have been verified in [7] but also can be formally derived from the asymptotic ansätze (2.2)–(2.4), (2.21) and (3.19) with the main asymptotic terms (2.10), (2.11):
where
and \(\kappa^{re}_{min}(\varLambda)\) is the minimum among all positive roots of the biquadratic equations (3.7), \(j=1,2\) (see Sect. 3.2 and recall that, under the restriction \(\varLambda<\varLambda^{\dagger}\), each of those equations has two positive and two negative roots). Notice that \(\kappa_{3}=3/2\) and \(\kappa_{4}=7/2\) are the exponents in the constant power-law solutions (3.15) while \(7/2\), of course, can be omitted in (5.8).
5.2 Embedded Eigenvalues and Trapped Modes
The spectral parameter \(\varLambda\geq\varLambda^{\dagger}\) belonging to the continuous spectrum \(\wp_{co}\) also can be an eigenvalue of the problem (1.10), (1.11). In other words, it can fall into the point spectrum \(\wp_{po}\). Examples of non-empty set \(\wp_{po}\) are given in [1]. Let us present a simplified version concerning the isotropic solid \(\varOmega\), see Sect. 2.6, with the rotational symmetry around the \(z\)-axis, cf., Fig. 1. In particular, \(\varpi\) is the unit disk \({\mathbb{D}}=\{y\in{\mathbb{R}}^{2}: |y|<1\}\). Let \((r,\varphi)\in{\mathbb{R}}_{+}\times(0,2\pi)\) be the polar coordinate system in the \(y\)-plane and let \(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle}\) be a sector in \(\varOmega\) of the opening \(\pi/3\),
with the truncation surfaces \(\varSigma_{\psi}=\{x\in\varOmega: \varphi =\psi\}\), where \(\psi=0\) and \(\psi=\pi/3\). We denote by (1.10)∢ and (1.11)∢ the differential equations (1.10) and the boundary conditions (1.11) restricted on the set (5.9) and its lateral surface \(\varGamma_{\sphericalangle}=\{x\in\varGamma:\varphi\in(0,\pi /3)\}\), respectively. The corresponding problem is closed by the following artificial boundary conditions:
Here, \(n\) and \(s^{1}\), \(s^{2}\) are the unit normal and perpendicular tangent vectors on the plane surface \(\varSigma_{\psi}\) while projections of the displacement vector \(u\) and the stress tensor \(\sigma(u)\) on these axes are listed in (5.10) and (5.11).
The variational formulation of the spectral problem (1.10)∢, (1.11)∢, (5.10), (5.11) refers to the integral identity
and involves the following subspace of the energy space with the norm (1.15):
The first distinguishing feature of the artificial boundary conditions (5.10), (5.11) proposed in [35] is the weighted Korn inequality, a simplified version of which is verified in the next assertion.
Proposition 2
The anisotropic weighted inequality
is valid for any vector function \(v\in{\mathcal{W}}_{\sphericalangle}( \varOmega_{\sphericalangle})\), where \(r=|x|\) is the distance to the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\) and the multiplier \(K_{\sphericalangle}\) depends on the sectorial domain \(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle}\) only.
Proof
First of all, we mention that, under the Dirichlet conditions from (5.13) on parts of the surfaces \(\varSigma_{0}\) and \(\varSigma_{\pi/3}\) with positive area, any rigid motion, either a translation \(c\in{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\), or rotation \(c\times x\), becomes null.Footnote 4
We divide the domain \(\varOmega\) into the subdomains
Owing to the above observation on rigid motions, the Korn inequality is valid, that is,
Diameters of the bases of the fragments \(\vartheta_{j}\) are \(O(j^{-2})\) and its height \(dj^{-1}-d(1+j)^{-1} =dj^{-1}(1+j)^{-1}\) gets the same order as \(j\to+\infty\). Moreover, the set \(\vartheta_{j}\) is star-shaped with respect to a ball of radius \(\varrho j^{-2}\) with a common for all \(j\) constant \(\varrho\). Thus, a result in [36] (see also [15, Ch. 2, §1]) assures the Korn inequality
Since \(0< cj^{-1}< r< Cj^{-1}\) for \(x\in\vartheta_{j}\), we change \(j^{-4}\) on the left of (5.15) for \(r^{-2}\) inside the \(L^{2}(\vartheta_{j})\)-norm of \(u\). Summing all these inequalities gives (5.14). □
An immediate consequence of the unbounded weight \(r^{-2}\) on the left-hand side of (5.14) is that the energy space (5.13) belongs to the Sobolev space \(H^{1}(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle})^{3}\) and, moreover, is compactly embedded into the Lebesgue space \(L^{2}( \varOmega_{\sphericalangle})^{3}\). Thus, the spectrum of the problem (5.12) is fully discrete and constitutes a monotone unbounded sequence of eigenvalues
where their multiplicity is taken into account. The corresponding eigenmodes \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\in{\mathcal {W}}_{\sphericalangle}( \varOmega_{\sphericalangle})\) can be subject to the normalization and orthogonality conditions
Proposition 3
Any eigenmode \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\) in the problem (5.12) satisfies the inclusions \(e^{-\delta/z}\nabla u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle }\in L^{2}(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle})\) and \(z^{-2}e^{-\delta/z}u^{(k)} _{\sphericalangle}\in L^{2}(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle})\), where \(\delta\) is a (small) positive number.
Proof
We introduce a continuous piecewise smooth weighting function
where \(\delta\) and \(\tau\) are small positive, and insert into the integral identity (5.12) the test function \(v=\mathcal{R}_{\delta, \tau}^{2} u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\) which falls into \(\mathcal{W}_{ \sphericalangle}(\varOmega_{\sphericalangle})\) together with \(u\) because the weighting function (5.18) is constant near the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\). Simple calculations transferring one factor \(\mathcal{R}_{ \delta,\tau}\) from \(v\) onto \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\) and commuting it twice with the differential operator (1.9) lead to the relation
where \(\mathcal{K}_{\delta,\tau}=\mathcal{R}_{\delta,\tau }^{-1}D(\nabla _{x}) \mathcal{R}_{\delta,\tau}\) is a \(6\times3\)-matrix function such that
Thus, the inequality (5.14) assures that
Recalling (5.17), we also write
Now combining (5.19) and (5.20), (5.21) and choosing \(\delta>0\) small yield
Since the right-hand side becomes uniformly bounded in \(\tau\in(0,d)\), the left-hand side does the same and the limit passage \(\tau\to+0\) assures that
The proposition is verified. □
Proposition 3 proves that the eigenmodes \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle }\) decay exponentially as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\). Furthermore, the weighted Hölder estimates [37] show that, maybe with a smaller \(\delta>0\),
The second distinguishing feature of the imposed artificial boundary conditions allows us to construct an eigenmode of the original problem (1.10), (1.11) in the intact domain \(\varOmega\) from any eigenmode \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\) in the sectorial subdomain (5.9). Indeed, the odd for \((u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle})_{n}\) and even for \((u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle})_{s^{j}}\) extensions in the \(n\)-direction through the surface \(\varSigma_{0}\) remain smooth and keep the differential equations (1.10) in \(\{x\in\varOmega: \varphi\in(-\pi/3,0)\}\) and the boundary conditions (1.11) on \(\{x\in\varGamma: \varphi \in(-\pi/3,0)\}\) in view of the mirror symmetry accepted by homogeneous isotropic media. At the same time, the even for \((u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle})_{n}\) and odd for \((u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle })_{s^{j}}\) extensions in the \(n\)-direction through the surface \(\varSigma_{\pi/3}\) do the same with the differential equation (1.10) in the next sector \(\{x\in\varOmega: \varphi\in(\pi/3,2 \pi/3)\}\) and the boundary conditions (1.11) on the fragment \(\{x\in\varGamma: \varphi\in(\pi/3,2\pi/3)\}\) of the sector boundary. Repeating this two-fold extension procedure three times turns \(u^{(k)}_{\sphericalangle}\) into a smooth eigenmode in \(\varOmega\) corresponding to the same eigenvalue. In this way, the point spectrum \(\wp_{po}\) contains the whole infinite sequence (5.16). In [1, 35] some other shapes of the cross-section and orthotropic elastic materials are listed which also support the point spectrum of infinite total multiplicity in a cuspidal solid.
In the absence of the physical and geometrical symmetry assumed above to impose the special artificial boundary conditions (5.10), (5.11) and to conclude the existence of the unbounded sequence (5.16), embedded eigenvalues of course may emerge as well but in general the corresponding trapped modes lose the very fast decay rate (5.22) at the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\) and obey relations of type (5.7), where \(\kappa_{min}(\varLambda)\) is again defined by (5.8). Recall that there are two positive roots in (3.9) for \(\varLambda\in[\varLambda^{\dagger}_{2},+\infty)\) but three positive roots for \(\varLambda\in[\varLambda^{\dagger}_{1},\varLambda^{\dagger}_{2})\). Hence, the number \(\aleph(\varLambda)\) of energy power-law solutions is computed as follows:
The space of trapped modes is further denoted by \(\mathcal {L}_{\varLambda}\). It is always a finite-dimensional subspace and admits the decomposition
where \(\mathcal{L}^{exp}_{\varLambda}\) consists of all trapped modes with the exponential decay (5.22) while \(\dim{\mathcal {L}}^{pow}_{\varLambda} \leq\aleph(\varLambda)\).
5.3 The Augmented Scattering Matrix
The change of variables (3.28) reduces the problem (1.10), (1.11) in the cusp (1.1) to a perturbed elasticity problem in the semi-infinite cylinder \(Q_{d}=\varpi\times(-\infty,1/d)\). The Kondratiev theory [38] proves (or disproves for certain forbidden weight indexes) the Fredholm property of the corresponding operator in the weighted Sobolev spaces with the norms
which can be easily transformed into exponentially weighted Sobolev norms in the original domain \(\varOmega\). In this way, the operators \(B_{\varLambda}(\pm\beta)\) with the domain \(W^{2}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\) become Fredholm if \(\beta>0\) is small. However, for \(\varLambda\in\wp _{co}=[\varLambda^{\dagger},+\infty)\), the most interesting operator \(B_{\varLambda}(0)\) with the null weight index \(\beta\), which annihilates the exponential factor in (5.24) and turns (5.24) into the usual Sobolev norm, loses the Fredholm property due to the presence of waves (3.18) giving rise to singular Weyl sequences, see [1, 6, 7].
Let us compare the Fredholm operators \(B_{\varLambda }^{-}=B_{\varLambda}(- \beta)\) and \(B_{\varLambda}^{+}=B_{\varLambda}(+\beta)\) defined on vector functions with exponential decay and growth as \(x\rightarrow{\mathcal{O}}\), respectively. These operators are formally adjoint to each other. According to the notation introduced above, the kernel of the operator \(B^{-}_{\varLambda}\) is composed from exponentially decaying trapped modes and takes the form
At the same time, the cokernel of the adjoint operator \(B^{+}_{\varLambda }\) consists of the defect functionals (5.2) with \(w\in{\mathcal{L}} _{\varLambda}^{exp}\).
Observing that \(W^{2}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\subset W^{2}_{-\beta }(\varOmega )\), we are going to describe the component \(\mathcal{Z}_{\varLambda}\) in the decomposition
Since the adjoint operator for \(B^{\pm}_{\varLambda}\) is nothing but \(B^{\mp}_{\varLambda}\), we have
Calculations in Sect. 3.2 displayed \(12=4+4+2+2\) waves in the cusp (1.1) and the theorem on the index increment (cf., [14, Theorem 3.3.3]) assures that
where \(\mathrm{Ind} B=\dim\ker B- \dim\mathrm{coker} B\) is the index of a Fredholm operator \(B\). Comparing (5.25)–(5.27), we conclude that
Let us demonstrate some solutions \({\mathfrak{Z}}^{1},\dots, {\mathfrak{Z}} ^{6}\) which form a basis in the subspace \(\mathcal{Z}_{\varLambda}\). To this end, it is convenient to extend the vector/matrix notation and build the rows of incoming (plus) and outgoing (minus) waves and wave packets introduced in Sect. 4:
Here, the rows \(u^{\pm}_{\thickapprox}\) of length \(6-\aleph (\varLambda )\) are composed from oscillating waves and logarithmic packets, see Sects. 4.3 and 4.4, while the rows
of length \(\aleph(\varLambda)\) contain non-energy wave packets (4.16) constructed from all energy and non-energy waves defined in Sect. 4.5 and included into the rows
The achieved orthogonality and normalization conditions (4.11) in the matrix form read
where \({\mathbb{I}}_{N}\) and \({\mathbb{O}}_{N}\) are the unit and null matrices of size \(N\times N\), respectively. Moreover, the equality (4.12) and similar relations for the packets (4.15) and (4.16) guarantee that
Proposition 4
For any \(\varLambda>0\), there exists the row \({\mathfrak {Z}}=({\mathfrak{Z}} ^{1}, \dots,{\mathfrak{Z}}^{6})\) of solutions to the problem (1.10), (1.11) in the asymptotic form
where \(\chi\) is a smooth cut-off function such that
the remainder \(\widetilde{{\mathfrak{Z}}}(x)\) decays exponentially as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\), and the \(6\times6\)-matrix \({\mathfrak{S}}\) is unitary and symmetric. The solutions \({\mathfrak{Z}}^{1},\dots,{\mathfrak{Z}} ^{6} \) constitute a basis in the subspace \(\mathcal{Z}_{\varLambda}\).
Proof
Any non-trivial element \(\mathfrak{z}\) of the subspace \(\mathcal{L}_{\varLambda}\) admits the representation
with an exponentially decaying remainder \(\widetilde{{\mathfrak{z}}} \) and some coefficient column vectors \({\mathfrak{c}}^{\pm}\in{\mathbb{C}} ^{6}\) such that \(|{\mathfrak{c}}^{+}| +|{\mathfrak{c}}^{-}| \neq0\) (otherwise, \({\mathfrak{z}}\in{\mathcal{L}}^{exp}_{\varLambda}\)). Let us assume that \({\mathfrak{c}}^{+}=0\). Inserting \({\mathfrak{z}}\) into Green’s formula in the truncated domain \(\varOmega_{\delta}= \varOmega \setminus\overline{\varPi_{\delta}}\), we compute the limit, cf., (4.6),
and come across a contradiction. Since the incoming waves \(u^{1+}, \dots,u^{6+}\) are linearly independent and \(\dim{\mathcal{Z}}_{\varLambda}=6\), the existence of the solutions \({\mathfrak{Z}}^{1},\dots,{\mathfrak{Z}}^{6}\) forming a basis in \(\mathcal{Z}_{\varLambda}\) and composing the row (5.33) has become clear.
It suffices to verify the properties of the matrix \(\mathfrak{S}\). To this end, we first apply the orthogonality and normalization conditions (5.32) and repeat the calculation (5.34) in the matrix form
This equality with the adjoint matrix \({\mathfrak{S}}^{\ast}\) establishes the unitary property. Second, we write
The representation of this row of solutions has the same incoming waves \(u^{+}\) as the original row ℨ. Thus according to a consequence of our calculation (5.34) the difference \({\mathfrak {Z}}-\overline{ {\mathfrak{Z}}}\) gets the exponential decay as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\) and we obtain
The proof is completed. □
We call \(\mathfrak{S}\) in (5.33) the augmented scattering matrix and will use it in the next section.
5.4 The Scattering Matrix and a Criterion for the Existence of Power-Law Trapped Modes
According to the introduced decomposition of waves in (5.29), we rewrite the representation (5.33) of the row \({\mathfrak{Z}}=( {\mathfrak{Z}}_{\thickapprox},{\mathfrak{Z}}_{\blacklozenge})\) in two lines
which involve blocks of the augmented scattering matrix
Theorem 2
The component \(\mathcal{L}^{pow}_{\varLambda}\) of the decomposition (5.23) satisfies the relation
where the right-hand side is nothing but the multiplicity of the eigenvalue 1 of the right below block of the augmented scattering matrix (5.37).
Proof
Any nontrivial element \(u\in{\mathcal {L}}^{pow}_{\varLambda}\) admits the representation
where \(c=(c_{\thickapprox},c_{\blacklozenge})\in{\mathbb{C}}^{6} \setminus\{0\}\) and the formulas (5.36) were taken into account. Since the oscillatory waves \(u_{\thickapprox}^{\pm}\) must be absent in (5.38), we obtain
Hence, using (5.30) leads to
The non-energy waves composing the second row in (5.31) also have to disappear from the decomposition (5.39) of the trapped mode \(u\) and, therefore,
At the same time, the coefficient column vector \(2^{-1/2}({\mathfrak{S}} _{\blacklozenge\blacklozenge} +{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)} )c _{\blacklozenge}=2^{1/2}c_{\blacklozenge}\) of the energy waves row \(u_{\blacktriangle}\) does not vanish. In other words, any trapped mode in \(\mathcal{L}^{pow}_{\varLambda}\setminus\{0\}\) gives rise to an eigenvector \(c_{\blacklozenge}\in\dim\ker( {\mathfrak {S}}_{\blacklozenge \blacklozenge}-{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})\setminus\{0\}\).
Let now \(c_{\blacklozenge}\in\ker( {\mathfrak{S}}_{\blacklozenge \blacklozenge}-{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})\). We observe that the column vector \(c=(c_{\thickapprox},c_{\blacklozenge})\) with \(c_{\thickapprox}=0\in{\mathbb{C}}^{6- \aleph(\varLambda)}\) falls into \(\ker({\mathfrak{S}}-{\mathbb{I}}_{6})\) because the unitary property of the augmented scattering matrix assures that
As a result, we see that the vector function \(u={\mathfrak{Z}} c = {\mathfrak{Z}}_{\blacklozenge}c_{\blacklozenge}\) takes the form (5.39) and, moreover, \(u= \chi2^{1/2}u_{\blacktriangle}c_{ \blacklozenge}+ \widetilde{{\mathfrak{Z}}}_{\blacklozenge }c_{\blacklozenge }\in{\mathcal{L}}^{pow}_{\varLambda}\) in the case \(c_{\blacklozenge }\neq0\).
The proof is completed. □
The relation (5.40) has an important inference, namely the \((6-\aleph(\varLambda))\times(6-\aleph(\varLambda))\) matrix
is well-defined and inherits the unitary and symmetry properties from the matrix \({\mathfrak{S}}\), cf., the matrix (3.4). The relationship (5.41) is verified by a direct calculation while, since \({\mathfrak{S}}_{\blacklozenge\thickapprox}= {\mathfrak{S}} _{\thickapprox\blacklozenge}^{\top}\), we have \({\mathfrak{S}}_{ \blacklozenge\thickapprox}c\in\ker({\mathfrak{S}}_{\blacklozenge \blacklozenge}-{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})\) for any \(c \in {\mathbb{C}}^{6}\) due to the implication (5.40) which also compensates for arbitrariness in the choice of the inverse \(({\mathfrak{S}} _{\blacklozenge\blacklozenge} -{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})^{-1}\) on the range \(\operatorname{Im}{\mathfrak{S}}_{\blacklozenge \blacklozenge }-{\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)}\).
The matrix (5.41) gets registered as the scattering matrix in the problem (1.10), (1.11) because algebraic operations on its solutions (5.36) provide the new row of solutions
We rewrite (5.42) in the form
and observe that the new remainder falls into the energy space \(\mathcal{W}(\varOmega)\) because differs from the exponentially decaying vector function \(\widetilde{Z}\) by a linear combination of the energy waves \(u_{\blacktriangle}=(u^{10},\dots,u^{0\aleph(\varLambda)})\) only. In other words, the displacement fields \(Z^{p}\) are initiated by the incoming waves \(u^{p+}\) and the matrix \(S\) describes the scattered field as a linear combination of the outgoing waves \(u^{-}=(u^{1-},\dots,u ^{6-\aleph(\varLambda)-}) \) with the reflection coefficients \(S_{p1},\dots,S_{p6-\aleph(\varLambda)}\).
It is worth to mentioning that the augmented scattering matrix \({\mathfrak{S}}\) in Proposition 4 generates the traditional scattering matrix \(S\) as well as the condition \(\dim\ker({\mathfrak{S}} _{\blacklozenge\blacklozenge}- {\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})>0\) in Theorem 2 for the existence of trapped modes with a power-law behavior at the cusp tip \(\mathcal {O}\) rejecting the exponential decay rate as was in Sect. 5.2. In this way, the augmented scattering matrix keeps a lot of information on the solvability of the elasticity problem in the cuspidal solid \(\varOmega\), although it is an artificial object.
5.5 The Mandelstam (Energy) Radiation Conditions and the Solvability of the Elasticity Problem Above the Threshold
We again consider the operators
from Sect. 5.3 with their domains \(\mathcal{D}_{-\beta }(\varOmega)\) and \(\mathcal{D}_{+\beta}(\varOmega)\) and the ranges \(\mathcal{R}_{-\beta}( \varOmega)\) and \(\mathcal{R}_{+\beta}(\varOmega)\), respectively, consisting of vector functions with the exponential decay and possible exponential growth as \(x\to{\mathcal{O}}\). The theorem on asymptotics in [7], see also Theorem 1, shows that a solution \(u\in{\mathcal{D}}_{+\beta}(\varOmega)\) of the problem (1.17), (1.18) with the right-hand sides \((f,g)\in{\mathcal{R}}_{-\beta}( \varOmega)\) subject to the compatibility conditions
cf., (5.2) and (5.4), admits the asymptotic form
with the remainder \(\widetilde{u}\in{\mathcal{D}}_{-\beta}(\varOmega )\) and some coefficient column vectors \(c^{\pm}\in{\mathbb{C}}^{6}\). Using the special solutions (5.33), we find that the linear combination
involves only the outgoing waves \(u^{-}=(u^{1-},\dots,u^{6-})\) and satisfies the artificial Mandelstam radiation conditions because according to Sect. 4 it transports energy towards the cusp tip. The adjective “artificial” is added due to the appearance in (5.46) non-energy wave packets.
We compose the weighted space \(\mathcal{D}^{art}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\) with detached asymptotics from vector functions (5.46) with the norm
The restriction \(B^{art}_{\varLambda}(\beta)\) of the operator (5.43) with the positive weight exponent \(+\beta\) onto the subspace \(\mathcal{D}^{art}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\) becomes an operator of the problem (1.17), (1.18) with the artificial radiation conditions.
Proposition 5
The operator \(B^{art}_{\varLambda}(\beta)\) is Fredholm of index zero, that is, the problem (1.17), (1.18) with the right-hand sides \((f,g)\in{\mathcal{R}}_{-\beta}(\varOmega)\) enjoying the compatibility conditions (5.44), has a solution (5.46) in the space \(\mathcal{D}^{art}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\) which is defined up to an addendum in \(\mathcal{L}^{exp}_{\varLambda}\), an exponentially decaying trapped mode. Moreover, under the orthogonality conditions
the solution becomes unique and meets the estimate
Proof
The operator
is Fredholm since its domain differs from the domain \(\mathcal{D}_{- \beta}(\varOmega)\) of the Fredholm operator \(B_{\varLambda}(-\beta )\) by a subspace of finite dimension 6 while both act into the same space \(\mathcal{R}_{-\beta}(\varOmega)\) of exponentially decaying right-hand sides. Moreover, by the relationship (5.28), its index equals
The compatibility conditions (5.44) provide the existence of a solution in \(\mathcal{D}_{+\beta}(\varOmega)\) and the asymptotic representation verified in Theorem 1 gives it the form (5.45) while a simple transformation puts the desired solution (5.46) in the space \(\mathcal{D}^{art}_{\beta}(\varOmega)\). In other words, \(\dim\mathrm{co}\,\mathrm{ker}B^{art}_{\varLambda}(\beta)=\dim {\mathcal{L}} ^{exp}_{\varLambda}\). It remains to present just \(\dim{\mathcal{L}}^{exp} _{\varLambda}\) linear independent solutions of the homogeneous problem in \(\mathcal{D}_{+\beta}(\varOmega)\), that is, any basis of trapped modes. □
Proposition 6
Under the hypotheses of Proposition 5, the coefficient column vector \(c^{art}\in{\mathbb{C}}^{6}\) in (5.46) takes the form
Proof
Inserting \(u^{art}\) and ℨ into the truncated domain \(\varOmega_{\delta}\), we repeat our previous calculations (5.34) and (5.35). As a result, we obtain
□
In the main assertion of our paper we, in particular, will get rid of non-energy waves in the representation of the artificial solution
to achieve the desired solution accepting the Mandelstam energy radiation conditions.
Theorem 3
Let \((f,g)\in{\mathcal{R}}_{-\beta}(\varOmega)\) satisfy the compatibility conditions (5.2), where \(\mathcal{L}_{\varLambda}\) is the whole space (5.23) of trapped modes. Then problem (1.17), (1.18) has a solution in the form
where the remainder \(\widetilde{u}^{out}\) falls into the space \(\mathcal{D}_{-\beta}(\varOmega)\), i.e., decays exponentially, and \(c^{out}_{\thickapprox}\in{\mathbb{C}}^{6-\aleph(\varLambda)}\), \(c^{out}_{\blacktriangle}\in{\mathbb{C}}^{\aleph(\varLambda)}\). The solution (5.48) is defined up to an addendum in \(\mathcal {L}_{\varLambda }\), a trapped mode, but under the orthogonality conditions (5.3) becomes unique and meets the estimate
Proof
The equalities (5.2), in particular, support the compatibility conditions (5.44) and Proposition 5 give us a solution (5.47) and we search for solution (5.48) in the form
In view of (5.36), (5.47) and (5.30) we have
Our immediate objective becomes to find a coefficient column vector \(b_{\blacklozenge}\) such that
To this end, we only need to assure that
Let \(a=(a_{\thickapprox},a_{\blacklozenge})\) with \(a_{\thickapprox }=0\). Owing to Proposition 6, we have
Here, we have used the implication (5.40). Furthermore, in the proof of Theorem 2 we have concluded that \({\mathfrak{Z}}_{ \blacklozenge}a_{\blacklozenge}\in{\mathcal{L}}^{pow}_{\varLambda}\) in the situation (5.51) so that the expression (5.52) vanishes due to the assumed compatibility conditions (5.2). Thus, the necessary column vector \(b_{\blacklozenge}\) indeed exists and is defined up to an addendum in \(\ker({\mathfrak{S}}_{\blacklozenge\blacklozenge} - {\mathbb{I}}_{\aleph(\varLambda)})\). In other words, (5.50) is satisfied, the non-energy waves disappear from (5.51), and solution (5.49) takes the form (5.48) being defined up to an addendum in \(\mathcal{L}_{\varLambda}\). Other assertions either follow from Proposition 5, or are evident. □
Notes
This picture is published with permission of Professor M.A. Mironov.
Although the symbols \(L^{2}(\partial_{z})\) and \(L^{2}(\varOmega)\) of the introduced differential operator and the Lebesgue space look quite similar, no misunderstanding may occur in what follows.
It is not the case for the perpendicular planes \(\varSigma_{0}\) and \(\varSigma_{\pi/2}\). To support the inference, the angle must be acute, for example, \(\pi/N\) with \(N=3,4,5,\dots\), cf., [35].
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Acknowledgements
This work was written within the project 17-11-01003 of Russian Science Foundation. The authors are grateful to the anonymous referee whose comments helped to improve the presentation.
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Kozlov, V.A., Nazarov, S.A. Waves and Radiation Conditions in a Cuspidal Sharpening of Elastic Bodies. J Elast 132, 103–140 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10659-017-9658-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10659-017-9658-x
Keywords
- Vibration Black Holes
- Cuspidal singularity
- Elastic waves
- Energy radiation conditions
- Trapped modes
- Fredholm operator
- Weighted spaces with detached asymptotics