Abstract
The hybrid tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. × Liriodendron tulipifera L.) is one of the most valuable ornamental plants in China. Recently, two leaf anthracnose disease types have emerged on tulip trees in a park in Beijing, China. One type is yellow halo (chlorosis ring) anthracnose characterized by many small round necrotic lesions each of which is circled by a thick chlorosis ring. Lesion spots remain separate from each other even in fallen decaying leaves. Infected leaves turn entirely yellow on trees and then fall immaturely. The other type is non-yellow halo anthracnose characterized by large and irregular necrotic lesions without thick yellow belt margins. Lesions often merge into larger ones during disease development. Infected leaves do not turn yellowish or drop early. The disease pathogens were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto strains with multi-loci phylogeny inferences and morphological differences in cultural colonies, conidia, and appressoria. The two types of Colletotrichum anthracnose diseases were recorded as novel on Liriodendron hosts based on differential characteristics in pathogenic strains, hosts, and disease symptoms. Finally, comprehensive comparisons among all reported leaf diseases on Liriodendron trees were performed according to other reported literature.
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Acknowledgments
This research was funded by DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF ECOLOGY AND NATURE CONSERVATION INSTITUTE, CAF, grant number 99813-2020 and YOUTH FUND PROJECT OF NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA, grant number 31901316. Mr. Zheng Wang and Mrs. Shimeng Tan are acknowledged for their support and help in constructing phylogenetic trees. We also appreciate Miss. Danran Bian for her help in pathogenic test.
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DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FOREST ECOLOGYY, ENVIRNMENT AND PROTECTION, CAF, grant number 99813–2020 and YOUTH FUND PROJECT OF NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA, grant number 31901316.
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Fig. S1
Phylogenetic tree based on neighbor-joining using MEGA7. The tree was built using concatenated data from six sequences of ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, and TUB2 of FPYF3060-FPYF3063 described in this study. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Our four isolates were in bold. Bar = 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. (JPG 112 kb)
Fig. S2
Phylogenetic tree of all C. gloeosporioides s. s. strains with allied taxa calculated from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase using neighbor-joining method. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values >50% (1000replications) were given at the nodes. Bar = 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position. Our four isolates were in bold. Those pathogens C. gloeosporioides s. s. strains reported by Zhu et al. (2019) and Fu et al. (2020) were marked in colors. (JPG 99 kb)
Fig. S3
Phylogenetic tree based on maximum-likelihood using MEGA7. The tree was built using concatenated data from sequences of ITS, GAPDH, ACT, and TUB2 of FPYF3060- FPYF3063 described in this study. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values >70% (1000 replications) were given at the nodes. Bar = 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. Our four isolates were in bold. Those pathogens reported by Zhu et al. (2019) were marked in green. (JPG 106 kb)
Fig. S4
Phylogenetic tree based on maximum parsimony using MEGA7. The tree was built using concatenated data from sequences of ITS, GAPDH, ACT, and TUB2 of FPYF3060- FPYF3063 described in this study. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values >70% (1000 replications) were given at the nodes. Bar = 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. Our four isolates were in bold. Those pathogens reported by Zhu et al. (2019) were marked in green. (JPG 112 kb)
Fig. S5
Symptoms of the anthracnose diseases on the Liriodendron chinense or Hybrid Liriodendron. a-f, Symptom of the anthracnose disease on the L. chinense in Ukraine, reported by Kliuchevych et al. (2019). g, Symptom of the anthracnose disease on the Liriodendron Hybrids in northern China, reported by Zhu et al. (2019). h, Upper side and lower side of yellow halo anthracnose leaf. i, Upper side and lower side of non-yellow halo anthracnose leaf. (JPG 399 kb)
Fig. S6
Phylogenetic tree of all C. gloeosporioides s. s. strains with allied taxa calculated from internal transcribed spacer using neighbor-joining method. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values >50% (1000 replications) were given at the nodes. Bar = 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position. Our four isolates were in bold. Those pathogens C. gloeosporioides s. s. strains reported by Zhu et al. (2019) and Fu et al. (2020) were marked in colors. (JPG 97 kb)
Fig. S7
Phylogenetic tree of FPYF3060-FPYF3063 and C. gloeosporioides CG2 (Choi et al., 2012) with allied taxa calculated from internal transcribed spacer using neighbor-joining method. C. boninense was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values >50% (1000 replications) were given at the nodes. Bar = 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position. Our four isolates were in bold. C. gloeosporioides CG2 was marked in blue. (PNG 1786 kb)
Table S1
A list of strains from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto. (DOCX 24 kb)
Table S2
Comparison of the sizes of conidia and appressoria. (DOCX 17 kb)
Table S3
Comparison of the symptoms of anthracnose diseases on Liriodendron spp.. (DOCX 18 kb)
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Dou, G., Lü, X., Ren, F. et al. Two distinct leaf anthracnose disease infections in hybrid Liriodendron trees in northern China. Eur J Plant Pathol 163, 775–787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02514-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02514-w