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Control of Alternaria leaf spot of coriander in organic farming

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Abstract

Increased consumer awareness on the means of production of food in recent decades has intensified pressure for growth of organic farming particularly for its benefit on the environment due to minimal use of synthetic chemicals. In this regard, non-chemical seed treatments, viz. biocontrol agents (Trichoderma and Bacillus), hot water treatments and plant extracts, were studied as alternatives to synthetic chemicals for the management of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. causing Alternaria leaf spot affecting organically produced coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Antifungal activities of acetone, ethyl acetate and water extracts of Allium sativum, Carica papaya, Datura stramonium, Lantana camara, Tagetes minuta and Zingiber officinale were evaluated using the disc diffusion assay. Discs impregnated with acetone extracts of Allium, Datura and Zingiber at a concentration of 15 mg/mL completely inhibited growth of A. alternata, whereas discs impregnated with Tagetes recorded the lowest antifungal activity. Ethyl acetate extracts of all plants except Carica and Tagetes at 15 mg/mL showed antifungal activity which was comparable to Celest® XL, a synthetic fungicide. A comparison of water extracts showed that discs impregnated with Lantana extract at 15 mg/mL had the highest zones of inhibition (16.5 mm); however, discs impregnated with Tagetes at a concentration of 5 mg/mL yielded the lowest antifungal activity against A. alternata (0.3 mm). The greenhouse trial showed that all non-chemical seed treatments significantly improved percentage seedling emergence, except for seeds treated with Lantana extracts and hot water at 48 °C for 60 min, when compared to untreated controls. The study showed that seeds treated with Trichoderma sp. yielded seedlings with the longest shoots, which were significantly higher than seedlings grown from seeds treated with Celest® XL. There was no incidence of Alternaria leaf spot disease on seedlings from seeds treated with Bacillus sp. and an extract of Allium, which compared well with seeds treated with Celest® XL. Since there are limited chemicals registered for management of diseases affecting herb production, the results of this study have shown that soaking coriander seeds in a hot water bath set at 54 °C for 15 mins, and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma and Bacillus) and extracts of Allium and Zingiber are potential replacements of synthetic fungicides in controlling Alternaria leaf spot disease on coriander produced under organic farming.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge commercial seed companies for supplying untreated herb seed. Syngenta, Plant Health Products (Pvt.) Ltd. and Becker Underwood (Pvt.) Ltd. for supplying Celest® XL, Trichoderma harzianum (EcoT™) and Bacillus subtilis (Integral®), respectively. Special thanks also to Mrs. N. Joubert and Dr. Z. Pieterse for help with editing and statistical analysis.

Funding

This work was funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (KBBE.2012.1.2–05: 311875) TESTA (Seed health: Development of seed treatment methods, evidence for seed transmission and assessment of seed health).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    E. Mangwende, Q. Kritzinger & T. A. S. Aveling

  2. Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    E. Mangwende & T. A. S. Aveling

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  1. E. Mangwende
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Correspondence to T. A. S. Aveling.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Mangwende, E., Kritzinger, Q. & Aveling, T.A.S. Control of Alternaria leaf spot of coriander in organic farming. Eur J Plant Pathol 154, 575–584 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01682-6

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