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Characterization of resistance to multiple fungicides in Botrytis cinerea populations from Asian ginseng in northeastern China

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Abstract

Botrytis cinerea infects ginseng throughout the whole growing season and results in significant economic losses. Fungicides have been the primary strategy in disease control, but frequent applications can increase the risk of fungicide resistance. To determine the resistance of field populations, 76 B. cinerea isolates were collected from 10 ginseng fields in Northeastern China in 2012 and 2013. The sensitivities of these isolates were examined to carbendazim, iprodione, pyrimethanil and azoxystrobin by analyzing mycelial growth inhibition. Almost all test isolates were resistant to at least one fungicide. For example, 27.6 %, 49.9 % and 21.1 % of the population was resistant to one, two or three of four test fungicides, respectively. There was only one isolate that was sensitive to all four fungicides. However, none were simultaneously resistant to all of the four fungicides. Mutations for E198A in the β-tubulin gene and G143A in the cyt b gene were found in all carbendazim- and azoxystrobin-resistant isolates, respectively, indicating a high level of resistance. Various mutations in the bos1 gene were associated with iprodione resistance, among which two combined point mutations, D757N and E369P, could be a novel genotype. Gene structure analysis showed that 50 % of the isolates carried the Bcbi143/144 intron in cyt b, indicating a high inherent risk for the development of G143A-associated resistance to quinone outside inhibitor fungicides. Most resistant isolates did not show reduced compound fitness in mycelial growth, sclerotial and conidial production, aggressiveness and sensitivity to osmotic stress. In conclusion, multi-fungicide resistance of B. cinerea contributed to the inefficiency of current fungicides.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2013 M540065 & 2014 T70051), Foundation for Postdoctoral Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College and Special Fund for Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (201407005).

Compliance with Ethical Standards

This study took place in the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Room 414 of Research Building in IMPLAD. All of the isolates of Botrytis cinerea used in this study were isolated from diseased Panax ginseng, and P. ginseng samples were collected from commercial fields or purchased from local markets. No endangered or protected species were involved.

I declare on behalf of my co-authors that the described work is original research that has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All of the authors listed have contributed sufficiently to this work and have approved the enclosed manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China

    Xiao Hong Lu, Xiao Lin Jiao, Amanda Juan Chen & Wei Wei Gao

  2. School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Jianjun J. Hao

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  1. Xiao Hong Lu
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  2. Xiao Lin Jiao
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Correspondence to Wei Wei Gao.

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Xiao Hong Lu and Xiao Lin Jiao contributed equally to this work.

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Lu, X.H., Jiao, X.L., Hao, J.J. et al. Characterization of resistance to multiple fungicides in Botrytis cinerea populations from Asian ginseng in northeastern China. Eur J Plant Pathol 144, 467–476 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0786-5

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