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Evaluation of non-cancer risk owing to groundwater fluoride and iron in a semi-arid region near the Indo-Bangladesh international frontier

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Abstract

Groundwater quality in Hili, a semi-arid border region at Indo-Bangladesh border, was investigated in the post-monsoon season of 2021, succeeded by assessment of probabilistic health risk arising from fluoride (F−) and iron (Fe) intake, with the hypothesis that groundwater quality of the region was not satisfactory for human consumption and health, considering earlier reports on high groundwater F− and Fe in few of the neighboring districts. All water samples were found to be potable in terms of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42− and NO3−, , but F− and Fe exceeded prescribed safe limits for drinking water in about 48% and 7% samples. Almost all water samples were found to be good for irrigation in terms of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Kelly’s index (KI), %Na and magnesium ratio (MR). The principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major factors influencing groundwater quality, explaining about 71.8% of total variance and indicated that groundwater quality was primarily influenced by geochemical factors. Carbonate and silicate weathering were mainly responsible for dissolution of minerals in groundwater. Non-carcinogenic risk due to cumulative impact of F−and Fe intake was in the order of THIChildren > THIInfant > THIAdult. As per Monte Carlo simulation run with 5000 trials to ascertain the order of probabilistic health risk, the most dominant governing factors behind non-carcinogenic risk caused by F−and Fe intake were their concentration (Ci) followed by ingestion rate (IR), and exposure duration (ED).

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Abbreviations

PCA:

Principal component analysis

FA:

Factor analysis

WHO:

World Health Organization

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

CGWB:

Central Ground water Board (Government of India)

SAR:

Sodium adsorption ratio

SSP:

Soluble sodium percentage

KI:

Kelly’s ratio

MR:

Magnesium ratio

PI:

Permeability index

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Raiganj University and Kolkata Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) for providing necessary support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Design, Synthesis and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, India

    Sandip Kumar Das, Joydeep Ghosh, Arun Kumar Pramanik & Abhik Chatterjee

  2. Chemical Laboratory, Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), Koderma, India

    Arun Kumar Pramanik

  3. Kolkata Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), i-8, Sector C, EM Bypass, EKADP, Kolkata-700107, India

    Deepanjan Majumdar

  4. Department of Applied Geosciences, GZG-University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Mobarok Hossain

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Contributions

SKD, JG and AKP performed the experiments, analyzed the results and prepared the manuscript. MH did Monte Carlo simulation and consequent interpretations. DM did all statistical calculations, data interpretation and had major contribution in preparation of the manuscript. AC conceived the present idea, supervised the work, analyzed the results and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abhik Chatterjee.

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Das, S.K., Ghosh, J., Pramanik, A.K. et al. Evaluation of non-cancer risk owing to groundwater fluoride and iron in a semi-arid region near the Indo-Bangladesh international frontier. Environ Geochem Health 46, 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01824-0

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