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Multiple potentially toxic elements in urban gardens from a Brazilian industrialized city

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Abstract

Urban agriculture should be promoted as long as the food produced is safe for consumption. Located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo-Brazil, Santo André has intense industrial activities and more recently an increasing stimulus to urban gardening. One of the potential risks associated to this activity is the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In this study, the concentration of PTEs (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn) was evaluated by soil (n = 85) and soil amendments (n = 19) in urban gardens from this municipality. Only barium was above regulatory limits in agricultural soil ranging from 20 to 112 mg kg−1. Geochemical indexes (Igeo, Cf and Er) revealed moderate to severe pollution for As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb Se and Zn, especialy in Capuava petrochemical complex gardens. A multivariate statistical approach discriminated Capuava gardens from the others and correlated As, Cr and V as main factors of pollution. However, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable range for regulatory purposes of 10–6–10–4 for adults. Soil amendments were identified as a possible source of contamination for Ba, Zn and Pb which ranged from 37 to 4137 mg kg−1, 20 to 701 mg kg−1 and 0.7 to 73 mg kg−1, respectively. The results also indicated the presence of six pathogenic bacteria in these amendments. Besides that, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance for Shigella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter isolates suggests that soil management practices improvement is necessary.

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Funding

The authors kindly thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grant numbers 2014/05151-0, 2016/10060-9, 2020/00284-2, 2022/10619-7, 2022/00208-0, 2022/08618-2) and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa grant 153204/2018-4. This study was funded in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

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  1. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Avenida Dos Estados, 5001 - Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil

    Camila Neves Lange, Bruna Moreira Freire, Roberta Albino dos Reis & Bruno Lemos Batista

  2. Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Ipen/CNEN-SP - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro

  3. Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados, 5001 - Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil

    Tatiane Araújo de Jesus

  4. Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86055-990, Brazil

    Gerson Nakazato & Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi

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  1. Camila Neves Lange
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Contributions

Camila Neves Lange done analysis and manuscript writing; Bruna Moreira Freire done soil analysis and manuscript writing; Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro helped in statistical analysis and manuscript writing; Tatiane Araújo de Jesus done soil sampling, Roberta Albino dos Reis helped in soil amendments analysis; Gerson Nakazato and Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi done microbiological analysis; Bruno Lemos Batista helped in manuscript writing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Lange, C.N., Freire, B.M., Monteiro, L.R. et al. Multiple potentially toxic elements in urban gardens from a Brazilian industrialized city. Environ Geochem Health 46, 36 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01808-0

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