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Exposure to PM2.5 and its five constituents is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in northwest China

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Abstract

Studies have demonstrated that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an underlying risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but evidence exploring the relationship between PM2.5 chemical components and T2DM was extremely limited, to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its five constituents (sulfate [SO42−], nitrate [NO3−], ammonium [NH4+]), organic matter [OM] and black carbon [BC]) on incidence of T2DM. Based on the “Jinchang Cohort” platform, a total of 19,884 participants were selected for analysis. Daily average concentrations of pollutants were gained from Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP). Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in single-pollutant models, restricted cubic splines functions were used to examine the dose–response relationships, and quantile g-computation (QgC) was applied to evaluate the combined effect of PM2.5 compositions on T2DM. Stratification analysis was also considered. A total of 791 developed new cases of T2DM were observed during a follow-up period of 45254.16 person-years. The concentrations of PM2.5, NO3−, NH4+, OM and BC were significantly associated with incidence of T2DM (P-trend < 0.05), with the HRs in the highest quartiles of 2.16 (95% CI 1.79, 2.62), 1.43 (95% CI 1.16, 1.75), 1.75 (95% CI 1.45, 2.11), 1.31 (95% CI 1.08, 1.59) and 1.79 (95% CI 1.46, 2.21), respectively. Findings of QgC model showed a noticeably positive joint effect of one quartile increase in PM2.5 constituents on increased T2DM morbidity (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09, 1.49), and BC (32.7%) contributed the most to the overall effect. The drinkers, workers and subjects with hypertension, obesity, higher physical activity, and lower education and income were generally more susceptible to PM2.5 components hazards. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components (i.e., NO3−, NH4+, OM, BC) was positively correlated with T2DM incidence. Moreover, BC may be the most responsible for the association between PM2.5 constituents and T2DM. In the future, more epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to identify the link and potential biological mechanisms.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all study participants and staff of the Worker’s Hospital of the Jinchuan Nonferrous Metals Corporation (JNMC) for their generous work, and the interviewers from the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University

Funding

The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 41705122, 41505095) and the Excellent Youth Foundation of Gan’su Scientific Committee (Grant Number: 23JRRA1019).

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  1. Minzhen Wang and Yingqian He are Co-first authors.

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  1. Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Minzhen Wang, Yingqian He, Yanan Zhao, Lulu Zhang, Jing Liu, Shan Zheng & Yana Bai

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. MW and YH conceptualized and designe the study, performed data analysis and drafted the manuscript. YZ collated and sorted the daily air pollution data. LZ and JL sorted the data of the cohort and collected the relative literature. SZ maintained the research field of “Jinchang cohort” and reviewed and edited the manuscript. YB performed project administration and supervision of “Jinchang cohort.” All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shan Zheng.

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Wang, M., He, Y., Zhao, Y. et al. Exposure to PM2.5 and its five constituents is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in northwest China. Environ Geochem Health 46, 34 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01794-3

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