Abstract
Changes in the concentrations of PM10-bound potentially toxic elements (PTEs) during the COVID-19 lockdown period and after the revocation of restrictions were analyzed using the data received at the Aerosol Complex of Moscow State University in April–July 2020. During the lockdown, the input of biomass combustion products enriched in PTEs from the Moscow region hindered the decrease in pollutant concentrations. After the introduction of the self-isolation regime, lower concentrations of most PTEs occurred due to the decrease in anthropogenic activity and the rainy meteorological conditions. After the revocation of restrictive measures, the PTE concentrations began to increase. Multivariate statistical analysis (APCA-MLR) identified the main sources of atmospheric pollutants as urban dust, non-exhaust traffic emissions, and combustion and exhaust traffic emissions. PM10 particles were significantly enriched with Sb, Cd, Sn, Bi, S, Pb, Cu, Mo, and Zn. The total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, calculated according to the U.S. EPA model, decreased by 24% and 23% during the lockdown; after the removal of restrictions, they increased by 61% and 72%, respectively. The study provides insight into the PTE concentrations and their main sources at different levels of anthropogenic impact.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to R.G. Kovach for the development of sampling and data treatment methodics, and G.L. Shinkareva for the language editing services. Research was carried out with the equipment of MSU Shared Research Equipment Center “Technologies for obtaining new nanostructured materials and their complex study” and National Project “Science”.
Funding
A sampling of PM10 for further chemical analysis was carried out within the project of the Russian Geographical Society (contract No. 08/07-2020-Mo). The study of the enrichment of PM10 with PTEs was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 19-77-30004-П). Source apportionment of PM10-bound PTEs was financially supported by the grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project No. 075-15-2021-574). The funding sources had no involvement in the research and preparation of the article, in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in writing the paper, and in the decision to submit the article for publication.
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ADS was involved in formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, and visualization. DVV participated in conceptualization, investigation, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, and visualization. OBP took part in sampling, investigation, data curation, resources, writing—review & editing, supervision, and funding acquisition. NEK was involved in conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing—review & editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. MAC participated in resources, writing—review & editing. NSK was involved in conceptualization, methodology, writing—review & editing, supervision, and funding acquisition.
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Serdyukova, A.D., Vlasov, D.V., Popovicheva, O.B. et al. Elemental composition of atmospheric PM10 during COVID-19 lockdown and recovery periods in Moscow (April–July 2020). Environ Geochem Health 45, 7909–7931 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01698-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01698-2