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Application of pesticide in paddy fields: a Southeast Asia case study review

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Abstract

Pesticides are widely employed in rice crops since the ecosystem and surroundings of paddy promote insects, weeds, and fungal and bacterial pathogens. Each commonly utilised pesticide possesses different uses. For instance, fungicides control fungal issues, herbicides curb weed growth, and insecticides destroy and repel insects. Although several ways to categorise them exist, pesticides are typically classified according to their chemical compositions. Rice production remains one of the most dominant crops grown in most Southeast Asian countries as it is a staple food. Nonetheless, the crop is highly dependent on pesticides, leading to growing concerns over the potential adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. Despite the availability of numerous studies on the subject, a comprehensive understanding of the specific effects of pesticides on paddy fields in Southeast Asia is still lacking. Consequently, reviewing existing knowledge is necessary for synthesising and identifying research gaps to better inform policymakers, farmers, and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The objectives of the present review paper were to review the interactions between pesticides and the environment by understanding the physical and chemical properties of the chemicals, compare pesticide transportation modes in air, water, and soil and how they affect the environment, and evaluate and discuss the effects of pesticides on non-targeted organisms. This study assessed pesticide innovation reported between 1945 and 2021 for a better understanding of the utilisation of the chemicals over time. The pesticides assessed in this study were classified based on their chemical compounds, such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroid. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between pesticides and the environment and their impacts on non-targeted organisms.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Malaysian Ministry of Education and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for awarding the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) to conduct this research (FRGS/1/2019/WAB05/USM/02/3).

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Generous financial support was given by Malaysian Ministry of Education and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for this research.

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  1. Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    Shazreen Natasha Mohd Nizam, Nurul Syuhada Haji Baharudin & Harlina Ahmad

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SNMN was the major contributor in writing the manuscript. NSHB and HA conducted editing. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SNMN, and all authors corrected and commented on all versions of the manuscript, including suggestions on the format and contents in the original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mohd Nizam, S.N., Haji Baharudin, N.S. & Ahmad, H. Application of pesticide in paddy fields: a Southeast Asia case study review. Environ Geochem Health 45, 5557–5577 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01668-8

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