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Source-oriented risks apportionment of toxic metals in river sediments of Bangladesh: a national wide application of PMF model and pollution indices

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Abstract

Intense human activities, particularly industrial and agricultural output, has enriched metal(loid)s in riverine sediment and endangered aquatic ecosystems and human health. Promoting proper river management requires an assessment of the possible ecological hazards and pollution posed by metal(loid)s in sediments. However, there are limited large-scale risk assessments of metal(loid)s contamination in riverine sediment in heavily populated nations like Bangladesh. This study compiled data on sediment metal(loid)s, for example, Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, and Zn, from 24 major rivers located across Bangladesh between 2011 and 2022 and applied positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify the critical metal(loid)s sources and PMF model-based ecological risks. Based on studied metal(loid)s, 12–78% of rivers posed higher contents than the upper continental crust and 8% of the river sediments for Cr and Ni, whereas 4% for Cd and As exceeded probable effect concentration. Cr and Ni in the sum of toxic units (STU), whereas Mn, As and Cd in potential ecological risk (PER) posed the highest contribution to contaminate sediments. In the studied rivers, sediment contaminant Mn derived from natural sources; Zn and Ni originated from mixed sources; Cr and Cu were released from the tannery and industrial emissions and Cd originated from agricultural practices. Source-based PER and NIRI indicated that mixed source (4% rivers) and tannery and industrial emission (4% rivers) posed very high risks in sediments. For the creation of macroscale policies and the restoration of contaminated rivers, our national-scale comprehensive study offers helpful references.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the reviewers of the manuscript for their valuable comments and suggestions during the review process.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Group Research Project under grant number (R.G.P.2/167/43).

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Author notes

  1. Ram Proshad and Abubakr M. Idris have equally contributed to the study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China

    Ram Proshad

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ram Proshad

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh

    Hridoy Chandra Dey

  4. Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh

    Md Shihab Uddine Khan & Artho Baroi

  5. University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia

    Sazal Kumar

  6. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia

    Abubakr M. Idris

  7. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia

    Abubakr M. Idris

Authors
  1. Ram Proshad
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  2. Hridoy Chandra Dey
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  3. Md Shihab Uddine Khan
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  4. Artho Baroi
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  5. Sazal Kumar
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  6. Abubakr M. Idris
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Contributions

RP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing original draft. HCD: Data curation, Writing original draft. MSUK: Writing original draft. AB: Writing original draft. SK: Writing original draft. AMI: Writing review & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ram Proshad.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Conflict of interest

There are no conflicting interests stated by the authors. The items employed in this study are routinely used in our field of study and nation. There is no financial and non-financial interests interest arise among the authors.

Ethical approval

All of the investigations were carried out in compliance with the principles of national and international guidelines. Present study do not involve human participants. The manuscript has not been submitted or published in any form, in part or in whole.

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Proshad, R., Dey, H.C., Khan, M.S.U. et al. Source-oriented risks apportionment of toxic metals in river sediments of Bangladesh: a national wide application of PMF model and pollution indices. Environ Geochem Health 45, 6769–6792 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01455-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01455-x

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