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Ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water and sediments on Saint Martin’s Island in the Bay of Bengal

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Abstract

The study aimed to determine eight hazardous heavy metals in surface water and sediment samples collected from the Naf River, Shah Porir Dwip (estuary), and mostly around Saint Martin’s Island in the Bay of Bengal. The results of heavy metals in water samples were ranged as Pb 14.7–313.0, Cd 33.0–70.0, Cr < 11.0–37.0, Cu 38.0–57.0, Zn 26.8–69.2, Ni 102.0–285.0, and Hg 0.3–1.6 μg L−1. The concentrations of metals in sediment samples were ranged as Pb < 10.0–37.5, Cd 0.2–1.0, Cr < 5.0–30.1, Cu < 3.0–30.9, Zn 24.1–88.0, Ni < 4.0–48.3, As 0.1–7.3, and Hg < 0.01–0.08 mg kg−1 dw. Ni and Cr were strongly correlated, suggesting that this pair of metals might diffuse from a common origin. The contamination factor (Cif) demonstrated that sediment samples were mostly contaminated by Cd and slightly contaminated by Pb and Zn. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed considerable values for Cd on Saint Martin’s Island. Cd as a single regulator posed moderate to considerable risk frequently among the sampling stations. Pollution load index (PLI) values remained below 1 (< 1), which indicated a decrease from baseline pollution value among all stations. However, potential ecological risk (PER) was graded for two stations (St1 and St13) with a moderate-risk zone due to the Cd contribution. However, shipping emission and lithogenic sources were the most predominant for heavy metals in the sediment, which were determined by applying the principal component analysis-absolute principal component score (PCA-APCS).

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Ramna, Dhaka, for providing all technical assistance. The authors are also grateful to Arifin Islam (Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Jagannath University, Dhaka) for guiding in statistical analysis and Md. Salauddin (M.Sc. student of Geography & Environment Science of Jagannath University) for helping with the GIS map of the study site, and finally a cordial thank is given to Irin Sultana Mithun for partial funding from the project titled “Avifaunal status of Saint Martin’s Island of Bangladesh” for field sampling and transportation. We also thank Mr. Khandaker Tanvir Hossain for his assistance in this work.

Funding

This research is supported by the University of Malaya Research Grant IIRG009A-2019, as well as Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FP099-2019A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh

    Kishor Kumar Sarker, Moumita Saha Bristy, Nur Alam, Mohammad Abdul Baki & Fajlul Haque Shojib

  2. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ISO 17025 Accredited), Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Shamshad B. Quraishi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Md Firoz Khan

  4. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Md Firoz Khan

  5. School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

    Md Firoz Khan

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Sarker, K.K., Bristy, M.S., Alam, N. et al. Ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water and sediments on Saint Martin’s Island in the Bay of Bengal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 31827–31840 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09384-x

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