Abstract
In this study, the contents of heavy metals (HMs) such as Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil samples collected from 403 sampling locations of the agricultural lands of Adıyaman Province (Türkiye) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma‒Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP‒OES). The mean concentrations of Al, Cd, Co Cr, Cu Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn HMs were detected 28,986, 3.60, 15, 127, 52.67, 45,830, 817, 62.40, 10.75 and 66.25 mg kg−1, respectively. These results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni exceeded the Upper continental crust average. To determine and to evaluate the contamination status and distribution of HMs in agricultural soils, metal pollution parameters such as enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index, potential ecological risk factor (Er), and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used. Factor analyses (FA) and principal component analyses (PCA) indicated that Cd, Cr and Ni levels were influenced by anthropogenic sources, Fe by both lithological and anthropogenic sources, and other HMs by lithogenic origins. For both children and adults, the hazard index (HI) and total hazard index (THI) values of HMs were < 1, suggesting that non-carcinogenic health risks to residents through ingestion, inhalation pathways, and dermal contact were currently absent. In addition, the cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR) results were within the acceptable risk range (10–4 to 10–6). The results showed that children were more sensitive to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of HMs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
22 November 2022
In the article title, “Turkey” is corrected as “Türkiye”.
References
Acosta, J. A., Gabarron, M., Faz, A., Martinez-Martinez, S., Zornoza, R., & Arocena, J. M. (2015). Influence of population density on the concentration and speciation of metals in the soil and street dust from urban areas. Chemosphere, 134, 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.038
Ahmad, K., Ashfaq, A., Khan, Z. I., Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., Yasmin, S., Batool, A. I., Sher, M., Shad, H. A., Khan, A., Rehman, S. U., Ullah, M. F., & Noorka, I. R. (2016). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloids via dietary intake of a potential vegetable (Coriandrum sativum L.) grown in contaminated water irrigated agricultural sites of Sargodha Pakistan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 22, 597–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1095630
Akbay, C., Aytop, H., & Dikici, H. (2022). Evaluation of radioactive and heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil surrounding the lignite-fired thermal power plant using pollution indices. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2022.102157
Al-Haidarey, M. J. S., Hassan, F. M., Al-Kubaisey, A. R. A., & Douabul, A. A. Z. (2010). The geoaccumulation index of some heavy metals in Al-Hawizeh Marsh. Iraq. J. Chem., 7, S157–S162. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/839178
Anonymous. (2022a). Geographical features of Adıyaman province (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022a from http://www.adiyamanlilarvakfi.org.tr/modul/icerik/325#:~:text=Ad%C4%B1yaman
Anonymous. (2022b). Economy of Adıyaman Province (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022b from http://www.adiyaman.gov.tr/ekonomik-durumu#:~:text=Ad%C4%B1yaman
Antibachi, D., Kelepertsiz, E., & Kelepertsiz, A. (2012). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Mouriki-Thiva area (central Greece) and environmental impact implications. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 21, 434–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2012.672493
Antoniadis, V., Levizou, E., Shaheen, S. M., Ok, Y. S., Sebastian, A., Baum, C., Prasad, M. N. V., Wenzel, W. W., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Trace elements in the soil-plant interface: Phytoavailability, translocation, and phytoremediationda review. Earth-Science Reviews, 171, 621–645.
Arslan, Ş, & Çelik, M. (2015). Assessment of the pollutants in soils and surface waters around Gümüşköy silver mine (Kütahya, Turkey). Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 95(4), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1613-6
Aytop, H. (2022). Evaluation of environmental and ecological risks caused by metals in agricultural areas: An examples in the Amik Plain of South Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2022.2097203
Aytop, H., & Şenol, S. (2022). The effect of different land use planning scenarios on the amount of total soil losses in the Mikail Stream Micro-Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09937-2
Baltas, H., Gökbayrak, S. E., & Özçelik, A. E. (2020). A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province Turkey. Chemosphere, 241, 125015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015
Bern, C. R., Walton-Day, K., & Naftz, D. L. (2019). Improved enrichment factor calculations through principal component analysis: Examples from soils near breccia pipe uranium mines, Arizona USA. Environmental Pollution, 248, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.122
Buccolieri, A., Buccolieri, G., Cardellicchio, N., & Dell’Atti, A. (2006). Heavy metals in marine sediments of Taranto gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Marine Chemistry, 99, 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.009
Can, H., Ozyigit, I. I., Can, M., Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., & Yalcin, I. E. (2021). Multidimensional scaling of the mineral nutrient status and health risk assessment of commonly consumed fruity vegetables marketed in Kyrgyzstan. Biological Trace Element Research, 200(4), 1902–1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02759-2
Chakravarty, M., & Patgiri, A. D. (2009). Metal pollution assessment in sediments of the Dikrong River, NE India. Journal of Human Ecology, 27, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906193
Chandrasekaran, A., Ravisankar, R., Harikrishnan, N., Satapathy, K. K., Prasad, M. V. R., & Kanagasabapathy, K. V. (2015). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metal concentration in soils of Yelagiri Hills, Tamilnadu, Indiae Spectroscopical approach. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 137, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.093
Chen, H., Teng, Y., Lu, S., Wang, Y., & Wang, J. (2015). Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Science of the Total Environment, 512–513, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.025
ÇŞB. 2020. Adıyaman province 2019 environmental status report (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022 from https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/ad-yaman_-cdr2019-20210223084059.pdf
Deng, W., Liu, W., Li, X., & Yang, Y. (2020). Source apportionment of and potential health risks posed by trace elements in agricultural soils: A case study of the Guanzhong Plain, northwest China. Chemosphere, 258, 127317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127317
Dissanayake, C. B., & Chandrajith, R. (2009). Phosphate mineral fertilizers, trace metals and human health. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 37(3), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v37i3.1219
Dong, R., Jia, Z., & Li, S. (2018). Risk assessment and sources identification of soil heavy metals in a typical county of Chongqing Municipality Southwest China. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 113, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.021
Du, P., Xie, Y., Wang, S., Zhao, H., Zhang, Z., Wu, B., & Li, F. (2015). Potential sources of and ecological risks from heavy metals in agricultural soils, Daye City China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 3498–3507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3532-1
Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., & Kermani, M. (2014). A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone Iran. Catena, 121, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.003
European Commission (EC). (2006). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC/* COM/2006/0232 final-COD 2006/0086 13. Retrieved May 12, 2022 from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/index_en.htm
Eziz, M., Mohammad, A., Mamut, A., & Hini, G. (2018). A human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Yanqi Basin, Silk Road Economic Belt, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24, 1352–1366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1412818
Fei, X., Xiao, R., Christakos, G., Langousis, A., Ren, Z., & Xiaonan, T. (2019). Comprehensive assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in Shanghai agricultural soils with different fertility levels. Ecological Indicators, 106, 105508.
Fryer, M., Collins, C. D., Ferrier, H., Colvile, R. N., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2006). Human exposure modelling for chemical risk assessment: A review of current approaches and research and policy implications. Environmental Science & Policy, 9, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.011
Gujre, N., Mitra, S., Soni, A., Agnihotri, R., Rangan, L., Rene, E. R., & Sharma, M. P. (2021). Speciation, contamination, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes. Chemosphere, 262, 128013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128013
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Harmanescu, M., Alda, L. M., Bordean, D. M., Gogoasa, I., & Gergen, I. (2011). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County Romania. Chemistry Central Journal, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-5-64
Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Ding, Z., Wang, T., Lian, H., Sun, Y., & Wu, J. (2012). Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2. 5 in Nanjing China. Atmospheric Environment, 57, 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.056
Hu, Y., He, K., Sun, Z., Chen, G., & Cheng, H. (2020). Quantitative source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in the agricultural soils of an industrializing region and associated model uncertainty. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 391, 122244.
Huang, Y., Chen, Q., Deng, M., Japenga, J., Li, T., Yang, X., & He, Z. (2018). Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China. Journal of Environmental Management, 207, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.072
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., & Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M. (2016). Apportionment of heavy metals in soil and vegetables and associated health risks assessment. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 30, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1126-1
Jia, Z., Li, S., & Wang, Li. (2018). Assessment of soil heavy metals for eco-environment and human health in a rapidly urbanization area of the upper Yangtze Basin. Science and Reports, 8, 3256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21569-6
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2011). Trace elements of soils and plants (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Kapahi, M., & Sachdeva, S. (2019). Bioremediation options for heavy metal pollution. Journal of Health and Pollution, 9(24), 191203. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203
Kelepertzis, E. (2014). Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean: Insights from Argolida basin, Peloponnese, Greece. Geoderma, 221, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.007
Kowalska, J. B., Mazurek, R., Gasiorek, M., & Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, 2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Kaur, P., Sidhu, G. P. S., Bali, A. S., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., & Cerda, A. (2019). Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere, 216, 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosfer.2018.10.066
Li, F., Zhang, J., Jiang, W., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., & Zeng, G. (2017). Spatial health risk assessment and hierarchical risk management for mercury in soils from a typical contaminated site China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39, 923–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9864-7
Li, F., Zhang, J., Liu, W., Liu, J., Huang, J., & Zeng, G. (2018). An exploration of an integrated stochastic-fuzzy pollution assessment for heavy metals in urban topsoil based on metal enrichment and bioaccessibility. Science of The Total Environment, 644, 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.366
Li, J., Lu, Y., Yin, W., Gan, H., Zhang, C., Deng, X., & Lian, J. (2009). Distribution of heavy metals in agricultural soils near a petrochemical complex in Guangzhou China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 153(1), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0363-x
Lian, M., Wang, J., Sun, L., Xu, Z., Tang, J., Yan, J., & Zeng, X. (2019). Profiles and potential health risks of heavy metals in soil and crops from the watershed of Xi River in Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 169, 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.046
Lionetto, M. G., Calisi, A., & Schettino, T. (2012). Earthworm biomarkers as tools for soil 371 pollution assessment. Soil Health and Land Use and Management, 316, 305–332. https://doi.org/10.5772/28265
Loska, K., Wiechuła, D., & Korus, I. (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 30, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00157-0
Ma, Y., Jia, Z., & Li, S. (2017). Risk assessment of heavy metals in soil of Tongnan District (Southwest China): Evidence from multiple indices with high-spatial-resolution sampling. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 20282–20290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9707-9
Madrid, L., Diaz-Barrientos, E., & Madrid, F. (2002). Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere, 49, 1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00530-1
Mahurpawar, M. (2015). Effects of heavy metals on human health. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 3(9SE), 1–7.
Malkoç, S., Yazıcı, B., & Koparal, A. S. (2010). Assessment of the levels of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils of Eskişehir Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(12), 2720–2725. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.354
Marchand, C., Allenbach, M., & Lallier-Verges, E. (2011). Relationships between heavy metals distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, 160, 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.10.015
Mazurek, R., Kowalska, J., Gasiorek, M., Zadrozny, P., Jozefowska, A., Zaleski, T., Kepka, W., Tymczuk, M., & Orlowska, K. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils (SE Poland) by indices of pollution. Chemosphere, 168, 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.10.015
Mazurek, R., Kowalska, J. B., Gasiorek, M., Zadrozny, P., & Wieczorek, J. (2019). Pollution indices as comprehensive tools for evaluation of the accumulation and provenance of potentially toxic elements in soils in Ojcow National Park. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 201, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.03.001
Mishra, S., Bharagava, R. N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., & Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: An alarming threat to environment and human health. Environmental biotechnology: For sustainable future (pp. 103–125). Singapore: Springer.
Mmolawa, K. B., Likuku, A. S., & Gaboutloeloe, G. K. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soils along major roadside areas in Botswana. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(3), 186–196.
Mortvedt, J. J. (1996). Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fertilizers and Environment (pp. 56–11). Springer.
Motuzova, G. V., Minkina, T. M., Karpova, E. A., Barsova, N. U., & Mandzhieva, S. S. (2014). Soil contamination with heavy metals as a potential and real risk to the environment. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 144, 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.01.026
MTA. (2022). Adiyaman province mine and energy resources (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022 from https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/bilgi-merkezi/il-maden-potansiyelleri
Muhammad, S., Shah, M. T., & Khan, S. (2011). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 98, 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.003
Müller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geojournal, 2, 108–118.
Muradoglu, F., Gundogdu, M., Ercisli, S., Encu, T., Balta, F., Jaafar, H. Z., & Zia-Ul-Haq, M. (2015). Cadmium toxicity affects chlorophyll a and b content, antioxidant enzyme activities and mineral nutrient accumulation in strawberry. Biological Research, 48, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-015-0001-3
Ni, M., Mao, R., Jia, Z., Dong, R., & Li, S. (2018). Heavy metals in soils of Hechuan County in the upper Yangtze (SW China): Comparative pollution assessment using multiple indices with high-spatial resolution sampling. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148, 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.009
Ozturk, A., Yarci, C., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2017). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Istanbul using plant (Celtis australis L.) and soil assays. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 31(5), 948–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1353922
Pan, L., Ma, J., Hu, Y., Su, B., Fang, G., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, L., & Xiang, B. (2016). Assessments of levels, potential ecological risk, and human health risk of heavy metals in the soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 19330–19340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7044-z
Praveena, S. M., Pradhan, B., & Aris, A. A. (2018). Assessment of bioavailability and human health exposure risk to heavy metals in surface soils (Klang district, Malaysia). Toxin Reviews, 37, 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1350193
Qingjie, G., Jun, D., Yunchuan, X., Qingfei, W., & Liqiang, Y. (2008). Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 19(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0705(08)60042-4
Rinklebe, J., Antoniadis, V., Shaheen, S. M., Rosche, O., & Altermann, M. (2019). Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils along the Central Elbe River Germany. Environment International, 126, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.011
Rivera, M. B., Fernandez-Caliani, J. C., & Giraldez, M. I. (2015). Geoavailability of lithogenic trace elements of environmental concern and supergene enrichment in soils of the Sierra de Aracena Natural Park (SW Spain). Geoderma, 259–260, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.009
Rudnick, R. L., & Gao, S. (2004). Composition of the continental crust. In H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry (pp. 1–51). Elsevier.
Rutigliano, F. A., Marzaioli, R., De Crescenzo, S., & Trifuoggi, M. (2019). Human health risk from consumption of two common crops grown in polluted soils. Science of the Total Environment, 691, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.037
Shaheen, S. M., Antoniadis, V., Kwon, E., Song, H., Wang, S. L., Hseu, Z. Y., & Rinklebe, J. (2020). Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements and the associated human health risk in geo- and anthropogenic contaminated soils: A case study from the temperate region (Germany) and the arid region (Egypt). Environmental Pollution, 262, 114312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114312
Soil Survey Staff. (2014). Keys to soil taxonomy (12th ed.). Washington D.C.: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.
SPCR. (2005). Soil pollution control regulation (p. 25831). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Sun, X., Zhang, L., & Lv, J. (2021). Spatial assessment models to evaluate human health risk associated to soil potentially toxic elements. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115699
Sungur, A. (2016). Heavy metals mobility, sources, and risk assessment in soils and uptake by apple (Malus Domestica Borkh.) leaves in urban apple orchards. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62(8), 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2015.1109639
Sungur, A., & İşler, M. (2021). Geochemical fractionation, source identification and risk assessments for trace metals in agricultural soils adjacent to a city center (Çanakkale, NW Turkey). Environment and Earth Science, 80, 299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09611-9
Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed Sediment-Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream, Oahu Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39, 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473
Taşpınar, K., Ateş, Ö., Pınar, M. Ö., Yalçın, G., Kızılaslan, F., & Fidantemiz, Y. F. (2021). Soil contamination assessment and potential sources of heavy metals of Alpu Plain Eskişehir Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(6), 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1876218
TOB (2022). Adıyaman agricultural investment guide (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022 from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/sgb/TARYAT/Sayfalar/Detay.aspx?SayfaId=9
TPAO (2022). TPAO 2020 annual report (in Turkish). Retrieved May 14, 2022 from https://www.tpao.gov.tr/file/2107/tpao-2020-yillik-rapor-50560e2c222bd54a.pdf
USEPA. (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part A). Interim Final. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. EPA/540/1–89/002.
USEPA. (1991a). Risk assessment guidance for superfund, volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part B, Development of Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. EPA/540/R-92/003.
USEPA. (1991b). Human health evaluation manual, supplemental guidance: "Standard default exposure factors ". OSWER Directive 9285, 6–03.
USEPA. (2001). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Peer Rev. Draft. OSWER, 9355, 4–24.
USEPA. (2002). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER, 9355, 4–24.
USEPA. (2004). Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) Final. OSWER 9285.7–02EP. July 2004.
USEPA. (2007). Framework for metals risk assessment. Office of the Science Advisor, Risk Assessment Forum. EPA 120/R-07/001.
USEPA. (2011). Exposure factors handbook 2011 Edition. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C.
USEPA (2019a). Exposure assessment tools by media ‒ soil and dust. Retrieved May 8, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-assessment-toolsmedia-soil-and-dust
USEPA. (2019b). Regional screening levels (RSLs) ‒ equations. Retrieved May 8, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-equations
USEPA. (2019c). RSL calculator. Retrieved May 10, 2022 from https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/chemicals/csl_search
USEPA. (2019d). Regional screening levels (RSLs)-user’s guide. Retrieved May 10, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-usersguide
USEPA. (2019e). Regional removal management level (RML) resident soil table (TR=1E-04, HQ=3) april 2019e. Retrieved May 10, 2022 from https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/199436.pdf
Varol, M., Gündüz, K., & Sünbül, M. R. (2021). Pollution status, potential sources and health risk assessment of arsenic and trace metals in agricultural soils: A case study in Malatya province Turkey. Environmental Research, 202, 111806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111806
Varol, M., Sünbül, M. R., Aytop, H., & Yılmaz, C. H. (2020). Environmental, ecological and health risks of trace elements, and their sources in soils of Harran Plain Turkey. Chemosphere, 245, 125592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125592
Wang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, Q., Deng, L., & Dong, S. (2012). Spatial variation and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediments in the Manwan Reservoir, Lancang River. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 82, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05.006
Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., & Min, Y. S. (2002). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta South China. Environmental Pollution, 119(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00325-6
Wu, H., Yang, F., Li, H., Li, Q., Zhang, F., Ba, Y., Cui, L., Sun, L., Lv, T., Wang, N., & Zhu, J. (2019). Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soil near a smelter in an industrial city in China. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 30, 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1584666
Wu, J., Lu, J., Li, L., Min, X., & Luo, Y. (2018). Pollution, ecological-health risks, and sources of heavy metals in soil of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chemosphere, 201, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.122
Xiao, X., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Han, X., Ma, J., Ma, Y., & Luan, H. (2020). Distribution and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils around coal industrial areas: A global meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 713, 135292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135292
Yaylalı-Abanuz, G. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of surface soil around Gebze industrial area Turkey. Microchemical Journal, 99, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.04.004
Zeng, S., Ma, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, G. J., & Chen, F. (2019). Spatial assessment of farmland soil pollution and its potential human health risks in China. Science of the Total Environment, 687, 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.291
Zhang, Y., Wu, F., Zhang, X., & Cao, N. (2017). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in three land-use types on the southern loess plateau China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6140-y
Acknowledgements
It was utilized data from the project titled “Determination of plant nutrients and potential toxic element contents of agricultural soils in Kahramanmaraş, Malatya and Adıyaman provinces, creation of the database and mapping” supported by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Türkiye in this study.
Funding
The author has not received any funding for publishing this manuscript in a journal.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
CHY wrote and checked the main manuscript. Again all the tables and figures were prepared and checked by CHY.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declare that there is no financial/commercial conflict of interest in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yılmaz, C.H. Heavy metals and their sources, potential pollution situations and health risks for residents in Adıyaman province agricultural lands, Türkiye. Environ Geochem Health 45, 3521–3539 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01423-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01423-5