Abstract
To assess the health of river ecosystems, it is essential to quantify the ecological risk of heavy metals in river sediments and the structure of microbial communities. As important tributaries of the Tuo River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Mianyuan River and the Shiting River, are closely related to the economic development and human daily life in the region. This study assessed the ecological risks of heavy-metal-polluted river sediments, the heavy-metal-driven bacterial communities were revealed, and the relationships between the ecological risks and the identical bacterial communities were discussed. The Cd content was significantly greater than the environmental background value, leading to a serious pollution and very high ecological risk at the confluence of the two rivers and the upper reaches of the Mianyuan River. Microbial community analysis showed that Rhodobacter, Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, and Pseudarthrobacter were the dominant bacterial genera in the sediments of the Shiting River. However, the dominant bacterial genera in the Mianyuan River were Kouleothrix, Dechloromonas, Gaiella, Pedomicrobium, and Hyphomicrobium. Mantel test results showed (r = 0.5977, P = 0.005) that the Cd, As, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu were important factors that influenced differences in the distribution of sediment bacterial communities Mianyuan and Shiting rivers. A correlation heatmap showed that heavy metals were negatively correlated for most bacterial communities, but some bacterial communities were tolerant and showed a positive correlation. Overall, the microbial structure of the river sediments showed a diverse spatial distribution due to the influence of heavy metals. The results will improve the understanding of rivers contaminated by heavy metals and provide theoretical support for conservation and in situ ecological restoration of river ecosystems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Al-Ansari, M. M. (2022). Influence of blue light on effective removal of arsenic by photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sp. BT18. Chemosphere, 292, 133399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133399
Bashiri, R., Allen, B., Shamurad, B., Pabst, M., Curtis, T. P., & Ofiţeru, I. D. (2022). Looking for lipases and lipolytic organisms in low-temperature anaerobic reactors treating domestic wastewater. Water Research, 212, 118115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118115
Chai, L., Li, H., Yang, Z., Min, X., Liao, Q., Liu, Y., Men, S., Yan, Y., & Xu, J. (2017). Heavy metals and metalloids in the surface sediments of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan, China: Distribution, contamination, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(1), 874–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7872-x
Chettri, U., & Joshi, S. R. (2022). A first calibration of culturable bacterial diversity and their dual resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics along altitudinal zonation of the Teesta River. Archives of Microbiology, 204(5), 241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02858-1
Chua, E. M., Flint, N., Wilson, S. P., & Vink, S. (2018). Potential for biomonitoring metals and metalloids using fish condition and tissue analysis in an agricultural and coal mining region. Chemosphere, 202, 598–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.080
Du, H., Harata, N., & Li, F. (2018). Responses of riverbed sediment bacteria to heavy metals: Integrated evaluation based on bacterial density, activity and community structure under well-controlled sequencing batch incubation conditions. Water Research, 130, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.070
Du, M., Zheng, M., Liu, A., Wang, L., Pan, X., Liu, J., & Ran, X. (2022). Effects of emerging contaminants and heavy metals on variation in bacterial communities in estuarine sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 832, 155118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155118
Edgar, R. C. (2013). UPARSE: Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nature Methods, 10(10), 996–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2604
Fang, D., Zhao, G., Xu, X., Zhang, Q., Shen, Q., Fang, Z., Huang, L., & Ji, F. (2018). Microbial community structures and functions of wastewater treatment systems in plateau and cold regions. Bioresource Technology, 249, 684–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.063
Fathollahi, A., Khasteganan, N., Coupe, S. J., & Newman, A. P. (2021). A meta-analysis of metal biosorption by suspended bacteria from three phyla. Chemosphere, 268, 129290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129290
Feng, J., Zhu, X., Wu, H., Ning, C., & Lin, G. (2017). Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of a typical restored mangrove-aquaculture wetland in Shenzhen, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(2), 1033–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.004
Guo, T., Li, L., Zhai, W., Xu, B., Yin, X., He, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, T., & Tang, X. (2019). Distribution of arsenic and its biotransformation genes in sediments from the East China Sea. Environmental Pollution (barking, Essex: 1987), 253, 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.091
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control of sediment ecological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Kalkan, S. (2022). Heavy metal resistance of marine bacteria on the sediments of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 179, 113652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113652
Ke, X., Gui, S., Huang, H., Zhang, H., Wang, C., & Guo, W. (2017). Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere, 175, 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.029
Kumar, M., Sodhi, K. K., & Singh, D. K. (2022). Draft genome of Serratia sp. R1 gives an insight into the antibiotic resistant genes against multiple antibiotics. Molecular Biology Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07290-8
Kumar, V., Pandita, S., Sharma, A., Sharma, V., Sharma, M., & Cerda, A. (2021a). Combination of contamination indices and ecological risk assessment index for evaluation of pollution level in sediments. In V. Kumar, A. Sharma, & A. Cerdà (Eds.), Heavy metals in the environment (pp. 99–117). Elsevier.
Kumar, V., Parihar, R. D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Singh Sidhu, G. P., Bali, A. S., Karaouzas, I., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., Gyasi-Agyei, Y., & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, R., & Thukral, A. K. (2018). Temporal distribution, source apportionment, and pollution assessment of metals in the sediments of Beas river, India. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1440529
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., & Cerda, A. (Eds.). (2020a). Heavy metals in the environment: Impact, assessment, and remediation. Elsevier.
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Pandita, S., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., & Cerda, A. (2020b). A review of ecological risk assessment and associated health risks with heavy metals in sediment from India. International Journal of Sediment Research, 35(11), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.012
Kumar, V., Shevita, P., & Raj, S. (2021b). A meta-analysis of potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in sediments and soils. Gondwana Research, 103, 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.10.028
Li, C., Shi, K., Zhang, Y., & Wang, G. (2019). Nocardioides silvaticus sp. nov., isolated from forest soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 69(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003079
Ligi, T., Oopkaup, K., Truu, M., Preem, J. K., Nolvak, H., Mitsch, W. J., Mander, U., & Truu, J. (2014). Characterization of bacterial communities in soil and sediment of a created riverine wetland complex using high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Ecological Engineering, 72, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.007
Liu, B., Xu, M., Wang, J., Wang, Z., & Zhao, L. (2021). Ecological risk assessment and heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Haizhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111954
Liu, B., Yao, J., Chen, Z., Ma, B., Li, H., Wancheng, P., Liu, J., Wang, D., & Duran, R. (2022). Biogeography, assembly processes and species coexistence patterns of microbial communities in metalloids-laden soils around mining and smelting sites. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 425, 127945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127945
Liu, C., Xu, J., Liu, C., Zhang, P., & Dai, M. (2009). Heavy metals in the surface sediments in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9563-x
Lourthuraj, A. A., Hatshan, M. R., & Hussein, D. S. (2022). Biocatalytic degradation of organophosphate pesticide from the wastewater and hydrolytic enzyme properties of consortium isolated from the pesticide contaminated water. Environmental Research, 205, 112553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112553
Ma, X., Wang, L., Nie, R., Yang, K., & Liu, X. (2019). Case study: Model Test on the effects of grade control datum drop on the upstream bed morphology in Shiting River. Water, 11(9), 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091898
Magoč, T., & Salzberg, S. L. (2011). FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics (oxford, England), 27(21), 2957–2963. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
Mehmood, A., Aslam Mirza, M., Aziz Choudhary, M., Kim, K. H., Raza, W., Raza, N., Soo Lee, S., Zhang, M., Lee, J. H., & Sarfraz, M. (2019). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in crops in a wastewater irrigated zone and health risk assessment. Environmental Research, 168, 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.020
Mejias Carpio, I. E., Franco, D. C., Zanoli Sato, M. I., Sakata, S., Pellizari, V. H., Seckler Ferreira Filho, S., & Frigi Rodrigues, D. (2016). Biostimulation of metal-resistant microbial consortium to remove zinc from contaminated environments. Science of the Total Environment, 550, 670–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.149
Muangchinda, C., Chavanich, S., Viyakarn, V., Watanabe, K., Imura, S., Vangnai, A. S., & Pinyakong, O. (2015). Abundance and diversity of functional genes involved in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in Antarctic soils and sediments around Syowa Station. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 22(6), 4725–4735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3721-y
Nittami, T., & Batinovic, S. (2021). Recent advances in understanding the ecology of the filamentous bacteria responsible for activated sludge bulking. Letters in Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13634
Niu, L., Li, Y., Li, Y., Hu, Q., Wang, C., Hu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, L., Zhang, C., & Zhang, H. (2021). New insights into the vertical distribution and microbial degradation of microplastics in urban river sediments. Water Research, 188, 116449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116449
Oliveri, E., Manta, D. S., Bonsignore, M., Cappello, S., Tranchida, G., Bagnato, E., Sabatino, N., Santisi, S., & Sprovieri, M. (2016). Mobility of mercury in contaminated marine sediments: Biogeochemical pathways. Marine Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.07.002
Ouyang, L., Chen, H., Liu, X., Wong, M. H., Xu, F., Yang, X., Xu, W., Zeng, Q., Wang, W., & Li, S. (2020). Characteristics of spatial and seasonal bacterial community structures in a river under anthropogenic disturbances. Environmental Pollution (barking, Essex: 1987), 264, 114818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114818
Park, Y., Liu, Q., Maeng, S., Choi, W. J., Chang, Y., & Im, W. T. (2020). Nocardioides convexus sp. Nov. and Nocardioides anomalus sp. Nov., isolated from soil and mineral water. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 70(12), 6402–6407. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004547
Porstner, U. (1989). Lecture notes in earth sciences (contaminated sediments). Marine Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90073-J
Ren, G., Ren, W., Teng, Y., & Li, Z. (2015). Evident bacterial community changes but only slight degradation when polluted with pyrene in a red soil. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00022
Rizvi, A., Ahmed, B., Zaidi, A., & Khan, M. S. (2019). Bioreduction of toxicity influenced by bioactive molecules secreted under metal stress by Azotobacter chroococcum. Ecotoxicology (london, England), 28(3), 302–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02023-3
Saghatelyan, A., Margaryan, A., Panosyan, H., & Birkeland, N. K. (2021). Microbial diversity of terrestrial geothermal springs in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh: A review. Microorganisms, 9(7), 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071473
Sany, S. B. T., Salleh, A., Rezayi, M., Saadati, N., Narimany, L., & Tehrani, G. M. (2013). Distribution and contamination of heavy metal in the coastal sediments of Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 224, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1476-6
Severino, R., Froufe, H., Barroso, C., Albuquerque, L., Lobo-da-Cunha, A., da Costa, M. S., & Egas, C. (2019). High-quality draft genome sequence of Gaiella occulta isolated from a 150 meter deep mineral water borehole and comparison with the genome sequences of other deep-branching lineages of the phylum Actinobacteria. MicrobiologyOpen, 8(9), e00840. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.840
Shi, J., Zhang, B., Liu, J., Fang, Y., & Wang, A. (2022). Spatiotemporal dynamics in microbial communities mediating biogeochemical cycling of nutrients across the Xiaowan Reservoir in Lancang River. Science of the Total Environment, 813, 151862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151862
Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K., Nabel, M., Roß-Nickoll, M., & van Dongen, J. T. (2021). Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environment, 751, 141607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141607
Song, H., Shi, Z., Ni, S., Zhang, C., Zheng, L., & Huang, X. (2011). Exploration of heavy metal sources and evaluation of environmental quality in the Mian Yuan River system of Sichuan Province. Earth and Environment, 4, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2011.04.014
Song, J., Shen, Q., Wang, L., Qiu, G., Shi, J., Xu, J., Brookes, P. C., & Liu, X. (2018). Effects of Cd, Cu, Zn and their combined action on microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. Environmental Pollution (barking, Essex: 1987), 243(Pt A), 510–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.011
Su, J., Ouyang, W., Hong, Y., Liao, D., Khan, S., & Li, H. (2016). Responses of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial communities of salt marsh plant (Spartina alternif lora) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(2), 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1217-0
Subhash, Y., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Rhodobacter sediminis sp. Nov., isolated from lagoon sediments. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 66(8), 2965–2970. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.001130
Suhadolnik, M., Salgado, A., Scholte, L., Bleicher, L., Costa, P. S., Reis, M. P., Dias, M. F., Ávila, M. P., Barbosa, F., Chartone-Souza, E., & Nascimento, A. (2017). Novel arsenic-transforming bacteria and the diversity of their arsenic-related genes and enzymes arising from arsenic-polluted freshwater sediment. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11548-8
Suresh, G., Lodha, T. D., Indu, B., Sasikala, C., & Ramana, C. V. (2019). Taxogenomics resolves conflict in the genus Rhodobacter: A two and half decades pending thought to reclassify the genus Rhodobacter. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2480. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02480
Tang, W., Guo, B., Li, Z., Zhao, X., & Gu, X. (2022). Flooding and drainage induced abiotic reactions control metal solubility in soil of a contaminated industrial site. Chemosphere, 297, 134032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134032
Wang, F., Dong, W., Zhao, Z., Wang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, Y., Huang, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, S., Xu, Y., & Wang, F. (2020). Spatial and vertical distribution, composition profiles, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in the sediments of an urban tributary: A case study of the Songgang River, Shenzhen, China. Environmental Pollution (barking, Essex: 1987), 266(Pt 1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115360
Wang, F., Dong, W., Zhao, Z., Wang, H., Li, W., Chen, G., Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Huang, J., & Zhou, T. (2021). Heavy metal pollution in urban river sediment of different urban functional areas and its influence on microbial community structure. Science of the Total Environment, 778, 146383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146383
Wang, J., Li, Y., Wang, P., Niu, L., Zhang, W., & Wang, C. (2016). Response of bacterial community compositions to different sources of pollutants in sediments of a tributary of Taihu Lake, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23(14), 13886–13894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6573-9
Wang, L., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yang, H., Peng, C., Peng, Z., & Lu, L. (2018). Shift in the microbial community composition of surface water and sediment along an urban river. Science of the Total Environment, 627, 600–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.203
Wang, X., Zeming, S., Shijun, N., Wei, X., & Ruilin, W. (2017). Geochemical factors affecting chronological reconstruction of a historical arsenic pollution accident in Lake Qionghai, Southwest of China. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 20(4), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2017.1282767
Wei, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhao, X., Gao, X., Zheng, Y., Zuo, H., & Wei, Z. (2020). Roles of different humin and heavy-metal resistant bacteria from composting on heavy metal removal. Bioresource Technology, 296, 122375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122375
Williams, K. H., Wilkins, M. J., N’Guessan, A. L., Arey, B., Dodova, E., Dohnalkova, A., Holmes, D., Lovley, D. R., & Long, P. E. (2013). Field evidence of selenium bioreduction in a uranium-contaminated aquifer. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 5(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12032
Wu, B., Luo, H., Wang, X., Liu, H., Peng, H., Sheng, M., Xu, F., & Xu, H. (2022). Effects of environmental factors on soil bacterial community structure and diversity in different contaminated districts of Southwest China mine tailings. Science of the Total Environment, 802, 149899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149899
Wurzbacher, C. M., Bärlocher, F., & Grossart, H. P. (2010). Fungi in lake ecosystems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 59(2), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01385
Xia, D., Zhao, H., Kobayashi, S., Mi, Q., Hao, A., & Iseri, Y. (2022). Effect of remediation reagents on bacterial composition and ecological function in black-odorous water sediments. Archives of Microbiology, 204(5), 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02871-4
Yi, Y., Tang, C., Yi, T., Yang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in fish and accumulation patterns in food web in the upper Yangtze River, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 145, 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.022
Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Ding, M., & Xie, Z. (2017). Level, source identification, and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(27), 21902–21916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9855-y
Zhang, H., Wan, Z., Ding, M., Wang, P., Xu, X., & Jiang, Y. (2018a). Inherent bacterial community response to multiple heavy metals in sediment from river-lake systems in the Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165, 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.010
Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Xie, S., & Liu, Y. (2015). Distribution of sediment bacterial and archaeal communities in plateau freshwater lakes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(7), 3291–3302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6262-x
Zhang, R., Zhou, L., Zhang, F., Ding, Y., Gao, J., Chen, J., Yan, H., & Shao, W. (2013). Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(1), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.019
Zhang, S., Amanze, C., Sun, C., Zou, K., Fu, S., Deng, Y., Liu, X., & Liang, Y. (2021). Evolutionary, genomic, and biogeographic characterization of two novel xenobiotics-degrading strains affiliated with Dechloromonas. Heliyon, 7(6), e07181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07181
Zhang, Y., Yin, C., Cao, S., Cheng, L., Wu, G., & Guo, J. (2018b). Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in soil-wheat system under different nitrogen levels. Science of the Total Environment, 622–623, 1499–1508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.317
Zhou, Q., Sun, H., Jia, L., & Wu, W. (2022). Simultaneously advanced removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a biofilter packed with ZVI/PHBV/sawdust composite: Deciphering the succession of dominant bacteria and keystone species. Bioresource Technology, 347, 126724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126724
Zhu, J., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Han, T., Xie, J., Hu, Y., & Chai, L. (2013). Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial community composition in sediment contaminated with multiple heavy metals from the Xiangjiang River in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70(1–2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.023
Zulkafflee, N. S., Mohd Redzuan, N. A., Nematbakhsh, S., Selamat, J., Ismail, M. R., Praveena, S. M., Yee Lee, S., & Abdull Razis, A. F. (2022). Heavy metal contamination in Oryza sativa L. at the eastern region of Malaysia and Its risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020739
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52170104; Grant No. 51979237), Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province (2021YJ0382), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2682021CX066).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
CY selected the topic, designed the research methodology, collected and sorted data, and wrote the first draft. ZZ reviewed and finalized the manuscript, selected the topic. YW collected and sorted data. GH selected the topic and designed the research methodology. YH, DG, YD and QL analyzed the data. HZ reviewed and finalized the manuscript, selected the topic, designed the research methodology. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this work.
Ethical approval
It is not applicable since the manuscript has not been involved in the use of any animal or human data or tissue.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, C., Zeng, Z., Wang, Y. et al. Ecological risk assessment and identification of the distinct microbial groups in heavy metal-polluted river sediments. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1311–1329 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01343-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01343-4