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Seasonal variations and associated health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes in Markman Canal, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Abstract

This study focused on evaluation of the levels, seasonal variations and human health risks associated with polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in water and sediment samples of Markman Canal using solid phase and soxhlet extraction methods respectively, followed by clean-up and quantification with gas chromatograph coupled with microelectron capture detector. The sum of eight PCNs congener’s (∑8PCNs) in water and sediments varied from 0.035 to 0.699 μg/L and 0.260 to 6744.16 μg/kg dw, respectively. Highest PCNs concentrations were recorded in water during winter, while sediment samples collected during spring contained maximum levels. The estimated toxic equivalency (TEQ) for water and sediments was 1.19 × 10–7–1.47 × 10–4 µg/L and 4.43 × 10−5–4.19 × 10−1 µg/kg consecutively. The PCN levels and TEQ values revealed that this waterbody is polluted but constitutes no excess health risk. Efforts should be made to control all the activities contributing to pollution of this canal.

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Acknowledgements

The authors show a special appreciation to the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) for their financial support.

Funding

This research was funded by South African Medical Research Council (Grant No. UFH/SAMRC/P790).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Idowu Victoria Agunbiade, Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh & Omobola Oluranti Okoh

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Idowu Victoria Agunbiade & Omobola Oluranti Okoh

  3. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Idowu Victoria Agunbiade, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh & Omobola Oluranti Okoh

  4. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, P. O. Roma 180, Roma, Lesotho

    Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji

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IVA: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, literature reviewing, writing, and editing of the manuscript. AOA, AIO, and OOO: Conceptualization, visualization, editing, and revision of the final manuscript. AIO and OOO: Research supervision and funding acquisition.

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Agunbiade, I.V., Adeniji, A.O., Okoh, A.I. et al. Seasonal variations and associated health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes in Markman Canal, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Environ Geochem Health 45, 2051–2063 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01324-7

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