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Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment

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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of occurrence and levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils used for conventional and organic production in northern and central part of Serbia as well as cross-border region with Hungary. Furthermore, this study includes a characterization of PAH sources and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic human health risk for PAHs accumulated in analysed arable soils. The total concentration of 16 PAHs varied between 55 and 4584 µg kg−1 in agricultural soil used for conventional production and between 90 and 523 µg kg−1 in agricultural soil used for organic production. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant compounds with similar contribution in both soil types (86% and 80% in conventional and in organic soil, respectively). Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs were used for identification of PAH sources in the analysed soils. Additionally, positive matrix factorization was applied for quantitative assessment. The results indicated that the major sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions, biomass and wood combustion, accounting for ~ 93% of PAHs. Exposure of farmers assessed through carcinogenic (TCR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk did not exceed the acceptable threshold (TCR < 10–6 and THQ < 1). Oral ingestion was the main exposure route which accounted for 57% of TCR and 80% of THQ. It was followed by dermal contact. This investigation gives a valuable data insight into the PAHs presence in arable soils and reveals the absence of environmental and health risk. It also acknowledges the importance of comprehensive monitoring of these persistent pollutants.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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Acknowledgement

The data presented here were obtained within the project PLANTSVITA (HUSRB/1602/41/0031) co-financed by the European Union through the Interreg-IPA Cross-border Cooperation Programme Hungary-Serbia, 2014-2020.

Funding

The data presented here were obtained within the project PLANTSVITA (HUSRB/1602/41/0031) co-financed by the European Union through the Interreg-IPA Cross-border Cooperation Programme Hungary-Serbia, 2014–2020.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Biljana D. Škrbić, Igor Antić & Jelena Živančev

  2. Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Csaba Vágvölgyi

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  1. Biljana D. Škrbić
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  2. Igor Antić
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  3. Jelena Živančev
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  4. Csaba Vágvölgyi
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BŠ contributed to conceptualization; JŽ, IA, BŠ contributed to methodology; IA contributed to formal analysis and investigation. JŽ contributed to writing—original draft preparation; JŽ, BŠ contributed to writing—review and editing; BŠ, CV contributed to funding acquisition; BŠ, CV contributed to resources; BŠ contributed to study supervision.

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Biljana D. Škrbić.

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Škrbić, B.D., Antić, I., Živančev, J. et al. Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment. Environ Geochem Health 43, 4201–4218 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00884-4

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