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Seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of a marine resource hot spot: the case of pars special economic energy zone, Iran

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of compounds of major environmental concern, which are in the class of persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, the key purpose of this research was to analyze seasonal fluctuations and to determine the probability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Iranian Marine Resource Center based on the evaluation of 16 US-EPA important PAH compounds. These compounds have been collected from intertidal sediments located in the marine resources of southern Iran in different seasons. These samples of the surficial sediment were collected at the PSEEZ area using a stainless steel grab sampler in four seasons, from depths between 0.5 and 30 m. Surface sediment samples were removed by spoons and carefully placed in an aluminum foil; they were taken to the laboratory on ice and held at 20° C until their study. After extraction, by using a rotary evaporator apparatus, samples were condensed. The assay was added to roughly 2 g of activated copper flasks in the refrigerator for 36 h for desulfurization. Among different seasons, the highest concentration was observed in winter, with a mean of 281.3 ng g−1. According to ecological risk assessment (concentrations of possible effects, low effect range, degree of threshold effects, and median effect range), PAH risks in surface sediments of PSEEZ were lower than the threshold results levels (TEL), possible effects levels (PEL), low range of effects (ERL), and median range of effects (ERM), indicating that a biological effect would rarely occur. The dry weight scale of the concentration of ∑PAHs ranges from 145.7 to 348.42 ng g−1 with a mean quantity of 260.52 ng g−1. Therefore, according to the amount of ∑PAH concentration, the sediments in the PSEEZ area indicated moderate to heavy pollutions. In this way, the sedimentary surface ecosystems of the Persian Gulf were considered as moderately polluted compared with other ecosystems worldwide. Our study highlighted some of the research gaps in PAH contamination studies and the level of PAH contamination. Therefore, this study will provide a scientific background, planning, and policies for PAH pollution control and environmental protection in Iran and similar regions around the world.

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Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Also, the datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute and Mohsen Mirzaei also supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) (Grant Greement: 98018616).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Young Researcher and Eite Club, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran

    Masoud Hatami Manesh

  2. Iran Shrimp Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

    Arash Haghshenas

  3. Department of Environment, School of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Mirzaei

  4. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Hossein Azadi

  5. Research Group Climate Change and Security, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Hossein Azadi

  6. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Hossein Azadi

  7. Water Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

    Safar Marofi

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  1. Masoud Hatami Manesh
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Masoud Hatami Manesh wrote the paper and observed scientific content of the paper, Arash Haghshenas edited, funding acquisition and supervised the form of the paper, Mohsen Mirzaei performed the calculus, methodology, designed experiments, wrote the initial version of the paper and managed, and Hossein Azadi and Safar Marofi7edited and observed the scientific content of the paper.

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Correspondence to Mohsen Mirzaei.

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Hatami Manesh, M., Haghshenas, A., Mirzaei, M. et al. Seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of a marine resource hot spot: the case of pars special economic energy zone, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 43, 3897–3919 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00863-9

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