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Silver nanoparticles effect on Artemia salina and Allium cepa organisms: influence of test dilution solutions on toxicity and particles aggregation

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AgNPs on Artemia salina and Allium cepa, evaluating the influence of the dilution solutions on the particle behavior. The AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of AgNO3 (3 and 5 mmol L−1) with sodium borohydride and stabilized with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and CMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). The toxicity of AgNPs was evaluated in Artemia salina (mortality) using Meyer’s solution as a diluent and in Allium cepa (chromosomal aberrations) using reconstituted hard water. AgNPs showed characteristic molecular absorption bands. Particles with CMC presented hydrodynamic radius between 4 and 102 nm and with PVA between 7 and 46 nm. The studied dispersions were toxic to A. salina species. Meyer’s solution, used as dilution water in the test, caused precipitation of Ag+ and also caused changes in CMC-stabilized AgNPs, changing the shape of the nanoparticles by depositing precipitates on their surface. These changes make the results of toxicity difficult to interpret. AgNPs stabilized with PVA remained unchanged. AgNPs affected cell division and caused the appearance of chromosomal aberrations on A. cepa. Higher numbers of chromosomal aberrations occurred in dispersions with smaller particle diameters (AgNPs3-PVA and AgNPs5-PVA, without dilution). In the studied conditions the dispersions were toxic to the tested organisms, the concentrations of precursors and the type of stabilizer used influenced the particle size and toxicity. In the test with A. cepa, the reconstituted hard water did not cause changes in the dispersions of AgNPs, whereas for A. salina the Meyer solution promoted aggregation of the particles and precipitation, in the dispersions stabilized with CMC, thus changing the samples.

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The supporting data sets are restricted and not publicly available, and the manuscript details the methodologies used that can be reproduced.

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Funding

The authors are grateful to National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) of Brazil for financial support.

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  1. Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Western Paraná State University, Rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, Toledo, PR, 85903-000, Brazil

    Soraya Moreno Palácio, Jean Carlos Bosquette de Almeida, Élvio Antônio de Campos & Márcia Teresinha Veit

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Western Paraná State University, Rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, Toledo, PR, 85903-000, Brazil

    Laila Karoline Ferreira & Marjhorie Thais Meneguzzo Deon

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  1. Soraya Moreno Palácio
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Contributions

SMP coordinated the research and supervised the master student JCBA and graduated students LKF and MTMD in laboratory activities, interpretation of results, writing of reports, and in the master’s dissertation; EAC co-supervised the master’s student and contributed to the characterization of silver nanoparticles. Co-author MTV collaborated in interpreting the results, writing the paper and revising it.

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Correspondence to Soraya Moreno Palácio.

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Palácio, S.M., de Almeida, J.C.B., de Campos, É.A. et al. Silver nanoparticles effect on Artemia salina and Allium cepa organisms: influence of test dilution solutions on toxicity and particles aggregation. Ecotoxicology 30, 836–850 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02393-7

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