Abstract
In this paper, we draw on the distinction between a “politics of negotiation” and a “politics of refusal” in order to highlight the ambivalence of “slum politics” in Recife, Brazil. Slum politics can be a radical politics of collective solidarity as was the case during the military dictatorship when a popular movement rooted in land occupations initiated the institutionalization of an internationally lauded participatory slum governance system. However, as our case shows, slum politics also has an opportunistic and reactionary side when community leaders seek individual advantage from their position as brokers between fellow slum dwellers and political patrons. We conclude that for slum dwellers, a good way for dealing with the internal contradictions of slum politics is engaging in a “politics of refusal” based on memories of destitution, eviction, and struggle, as an alternative to the “politics of negotiation” proposed by reformist political forces and social movements.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Notes
Slums in Recife, defined usually as “informal low-income communities” (comunidades informais de baixa renda), are ubiquitous in Recife. They can be found in the inner city as well as in the periphery. Some are located amid middle-upper class neighborhoods.
See Singer (2012) on Lulismo as a reformist ideology that debilitated the social movements by incorporating them in the state apparatus.
The first author has lived in Coque for 13 months in total, of which 2 in 2014 (half May–half July), 3 in 2017 (January–March), and 8 in 2018 (April–November). He lived in the house of the controversial community leader Aderbal and participated in the COMUL and PREZEIS meetings. The second author has regularly conducted research in Recife since 2005 and visited Coque on several occasions in 2017 and 2018.
Voting is obligatory in Brazil; thus, community leaders offer their “services” to facilitate voting by bringing favela dwellers to the electoral booths.
References
Assies, Willem. 1991. To get out of the mud: Neighborhood associativism in Recife, 1964–1988, vol. 63. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation.
Auyero, Javier. 2001. Poor people’s politics: Peronist survival networks and the legacy of Evita. Durham: Duke University Press.
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo. 2003. Radicals in power: The workers’ party and experiments in urban democracy in Brazil. London: Zed Books.
Chatterjee, Partha. 2004. The politics of the governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world. New York: Columbia University Press.
Coque (R)existe. 2013a. Despejo #1 Coque.
Coque (R)existe. 2013b. Memorias da Terra. 90 minutes.
Coque (R)existe. 2013c. Despejo #3. https://vimeo.com/user11863855.
Davis, Mike. 2006. Planet of slums. London, New York: Verso.
de Vries, Pieter. 2016a. The inconsistent city, participatory planning, and the part of no part in Recife, Brazil. Antipode 48 (3): 790–808.
de Vries, Pieter. 2016b. Participatory slum upgrading as a disjunctive process in Recife, Brazil: Urban coproduction and the absent ground of the city. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 37: 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12156.
Ferguson, James. 2015. Give a man a fish: reflections on the new politics of distribution. Duke University Press.
Ferreira, Francisco Ludermir. 2011. Dos Alagados à especulação imobiliária; fragmentos da luta pela terra na Comunidade do Coque. Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
Fortin, Charles J. 2014. Rights of way to Brasília Teimosa: the politics of squatter settlement. Sussex Academic Press.
Globo Pernambuco. 2020. Comunidade do Coque tem o pior IDH do Recife. https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/noticia/2020/04/14/comunidade-do-coque-tem-o-pior-idh-do-recife.ghtml.
Holston, James. 2008. Insurgent citizenship: Disjunctions of democracy and modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Holston, James. 2009. Insurgent citizenship in an era of global urban peripheries. City & Society 21 (2): 245–267.
Koster, Martijn. 2009. In fear of abandonment: slum life, community leaders and politics in Recife, Brazil. Wageningen University: Rural Development Sociology
Koster, Martijn, and Pieter A. de Vries. 2012. Slum politics: community leaders, everyday needs, and utopian aspirations in Recife, Brazil. Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 62: 83–98.
Koster, Martijn, and Monique Nuijten. 2012. From preamble to post-project frustrations: The shaping of a slum upgrading project in Recife, Brazil. Antipode 44 (1): 175–196.
Nuijten, Monique, Martijn Koster, and Pieter De Vries. 2012. Regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil: Neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist aesthetics in slum upgrading in Recife. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 33 (2): 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2012.00456.x.
Pereira Vale Neto, Joao. 2010. Coque: Morada da morte? Praticas e disputas discursivos em torno de um bairro do Recife. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife
Pithouse, Richard. 2008. A politics of the poor shack dwellers’ struggles in Durban. Journal of Asian and African Studies 43 (1): 63–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909607085588.
Rancière, Jacques. 1999. Disagreement: politics and philosophy. University of Minnesota Press
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1993. Death without weeping: The violence of everyday life in Brazil. California: University of California Press.
Singer, André. 2012. Os sentidos do lulismo: reforma gradual e pacto conservador. Editora Companhia das Letras.
Smith, Gavin. 2011. Selective hegemony and beyond-populations with “no productive function”: A framework for enquiry. Identities 18 (1): 2–38.
Smith, Gavin. 2014. Intellectuals and (counter-) politics: Essays in historical realism. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Smith, Gavin. 2016. Against social democratic angst about revolution: From failed citizens to critical praxis. Dialectical Anthropology 40 (3): 221–239.
Souza, Jessé. 2019. A elite do atraso: Da escravidão a Bolsonaro (EDIÇÃO REVISTA E AMPLIADA). Sextante.
Acknowledgements
This paper is dedicated to professor Luis de La Mora (15/06/1944—16/11/2018). As a militant for the right to the city of the poor, Luis maintained fidelity to the popular movement in Recife. Luis Presente!
Funding
This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 679614).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Not applicable.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Silva, S., de Vries, P. The ambivalence of slum politics in reactionary times in Recife, Brazil. Dialect Anthropol 45, 383–401 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-021-09635-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-021-09635-4