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Unemployment and labor migration in rural Galicia (Spain)

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Abstract

This article focuses on the difficulty of entering into—and literally getting back and forth to—the waged labor market for adolescent and young adult workers from rural parts of Galicia, a region that has experienced a prolonged history of persistently high levels of unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most serious issues facing Spain, other countries of the EU, and states all over the world. In Spain, for the population of workers under 30, this problem is at staggeringly high levels that have reached 50 % plus in the last few years of the current crisis but has been longstanding. So, too, has labor migration to and from rural Galician households. This article takes a broad approach to the analysis of labor mobility, including daily commuting as well as longer distance and longer duration labor migration. It considers the role of state and EU policies over time in instituting, supporting, or discouraging different geographical trajectories and forms of movement for young adult “wage seekers” from rural Galician households.

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Notes

  1. “For 3 months, eight youths, five males, and three females, between 16 and 25 years of age, will be separated from their families, although be in contact with them, to experience a process of therapeutic re-education” (FórmulaTV 2010). This and all further translations are my own, unless otherwise indicated.

  2. Also note the wording in these two newspaper stories: “The ‘discouraged’ ‘Nin-nin’…nor can they! August 13, 2010. Warnings about a ‘lost generation’ of young people excluded from the labor market….the ‘devastating’ impact of the crisis marks the beginning of the International Year of Youth” (Camino 2010). “They don’t study, nor do they work…nor do they want to? The ‘Generation nin nin’ children of abundance. They grew up ‘with money in their change purse and the fridge full’, in complete tranquility spoiled by their parents who ‘want to offer them all that they didn’t have’, converting them into authentic ‘conformists’, bored by everything and without knowing how to value things” (Camino 2009).

  3. “In Spain, the unemployment rate of youth with primary or less education more than doubled from 21.4 to 46.4 percent between 2007Q4 and 2009Q4. At the same time, the unemployment rate of the highly-educated youth in Spain has also increased significantly, jumping from 15.0 to 27.8 percent over the same period” (Elder et al. 2010: 32).

  4. “They did not fit the exhausted conventional categories of European life. They were unwelcome and unwanted, and merely by being themselves they managed to sabotage the image most other people held of Europe, but it was their labor and their various loyalties which had supported that image in the past, and which support it now—and which will certainly have a lot to do with Europe’s future” (Kramer 1980: xii).

  5. For a summary of early feminist challenges to productivist analytical frameworks, see Brodkin Sacks 1989.

  6. As Cohen and Sirkeci note, institutional definitions of labor (and other forms of) migration are often overly circumscribed: “Mobility breaks the conventional and static definition of migration offered by groups like the U.N. (‘movement from point A to point B for at least 12 months’)” (Cohen and Sirkeci 2011: 7). Although the “migration of wage seekers” encompasses even more, another broad term is “employment-related geographical mobility” (see, for example, Roseman, Neis, and Gardiner Barber forthcoming).

  7. He employs the term “reproduction” for both “renewal” and “maintenance,” and for the continuation of a specific migrant system. It is only near the end of the article that he refers to gender differentiation and links between relations of production and reproduction (Burawoy 1976: 1083–1084). His account is therefore distinct from a feminist political economy analysis that “exposes the dependency of capitalist development” on “relations of social reproduction” whether the latter take place in proximity to or at great geographical distances from sites of labor migration (Luxton 2006: 40; also see Brodkin Sacks 1989; Roseman, Neis and Barber forthcoming).

  8. “In 1972 the age bracket with the largest proportion of both male and female migrants was between 21 and 30: 42.9 percent of all Spanish men and 50.8 percent of the women fell into this category. For Galicia as a whole this age bracket predominated even more for both sexes: 45.7 percent of the Galician men and 62.2 percent of the women were between 21 and 30, …” (Buechler 1987: 239–240).

  9. As Díaz Fernández notes, the idea of having private interests invest in and benefit from the national highway system in Spain dates to proposals from the 1950s: “hay que consignar que en el primer quinquenio de los años 1950 la Administración del Estado retomaría la experiencia propuesta por el C.N.F.E. de dejar participar a la inversión privada en la ejecución de una red nacional de carreteras de amplia capacidad de carga […] la amortización de la inversión del capital privado estaría asegurada desde el momento en el que la explotación del servicio sería quien garantizarse la consecución de una sustanciosa rentabilidad […] derivada del cobro de una tasa de peaje a la población demandante de transporte. En los últimos años de la década de 1950, la Administración Central promulgaba la Ley de 30 de Julio de 1959, en base a la cual se creaba la Dirección General de Tráfico (D.G.T.) perteneciente al entonces Ministerio de la Gobernación, quien a partir de esa fecha pasaría a ostentar estas competencias en las funciones normativa y sancionadora,” (Díaz Fernández 2007: 122).

  10. http://www.horario-autobuses.com/autobuses-santiago-compostela.

  11. http://www.busescostadamorte.com/.

  12. See, for example, http://www.novasgz.com/pdf/ngz49.pdf. These followed late 1990s protests against the ecological damage caused by some train routes: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/madrid/MADRID/MINISTERIO_DE_FOMENTO/PODER_EJECUTIVO/_GOBIERNO_PP_/1996-2000/42/pueblos/unen/quejas/tren/rapido/elpepiautmad/19980123elpmad_17/Tes.

  13. http://salvaotren.netai.net/.

  14. The deregulation of the airline industry is also having an impact on migrant laborers, with the most recent change being not only the suppression of some routes but additionally the airlines’ decision to charge customers for the weight of their baggage—something that impacts far more on someone who is travelling to work at a job for several months as opposed to business executives going somewhere for a few days or a week.

  15. See http://www.injuve.es/portal.portal.action; http://www.injuve.es/contenidos.type.action?type=311709737&menuId=311709737&mimenu=Emancipaci%F3n%20Joven. This and other Web sites in this section accessed on March 30, 2011.

  16. http://www.alquilerjoven.es/.

  17. See http://www.ayudasviviendajoven.es/Detalles.aspx?IDClass=4139.

  18. http://xuventude.xunta.es/.

  19. http://xuventude.xunta.es/emancipacion-xove.html.

  20. http://xuventude.xunta.es/leonardo-da-vinci.html.

  21. Also see http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/llp/structure/comenius_en.html.

  22. http://www.allariz.com/mocidade/novas.asp?cat=2.

  23. “Intra-EU migration occurs at a range of skills levels, from the highly skilled to the unskilled. The mobility patterns are variable, but movements are largely temporary in nature. Approximately 1.5 % of EU-25 citizens lived and worked in a different Member State from their country of origin. This proportion has not changed significantly for the last 30 years” (Vartia-Väänänen et al. 2006: 8).

  24. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/living_and_working_in_the_internal_market/c11077_en.htm.

  25. http://www.youthpass.eu/en/youthpass/.

  26. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=102&langId=en.

  27. http://europa.eu/youthonthemove/index_en.htm.

  28. In translation, this is Real Democracy Now!.

  29. The term “indignado” is connected with the book.

  30. Youth without a Future.

  31. The 15-M moment of course preceded the initiation of Occupy Wall Street by some months, despite some on the North American side of the Atlantic at times later conflating protests in Spain and elsewhere with an American impetus. See the list of movements and links to the many associated web pages at: http://tomalaplaza.net/; http://www.democraciarealya.es/; http://movimiento15m.wordpress.com/; http://movimientoindignadosspanishrevolution.wordpress.com/about/.

  32. Also see Revolting Europe 2012; Standing 2011 and on the terms precariat or precariato used among one group of the Italian Left and elsewhere in Europe. For a Portuguese example, see Matos 2012.

  33. For example, http://ruralesenredadxs.org/encuentro-rural-15m-rurales-enredadxs-2/; http://ruralesenredadxs.org/quienes-somos/.

  34. http://viacampesina.org/en/.

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Acknowledgments

I am indebted to my friends in Galicia for their hospitality and trust in me during some very difficult times. Thank you to Winnie Lem, Pauline Gardiner Barber, Wayne Fife, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments and suggestions on prior drafts of this article. The earlier periods of fieldwork referenced here were supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, McMaster University, the Xunta de Galicia, and the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada

    Sharon R. Roseman

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Roseman, S.R. Unemployment and labor migration in rural Galicia (Spain). Dialect Anthropol 37, 401–421 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9319-9

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