Abstract
Lupane triterpenes were found to promote melanogenesis, a hallmark of B16 2F2 mouse melanoma cell differentiation. Studies of the structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the keto function at C-3 of the lupane skeleton played important roles in the melanogenic activities of lupane triterpenes on melanoma cells. The carbonyl group at C-17 of lupane triterpenes was essential against their apoptosis-inducing activity against human cancer cells via the inhibition of topoisomerase I. We investigated whether signaling mechanisms were involved in the stimulative effects of lupane triterpenes on the melanogenesis of B16 2F2 cells. In experiments using selective inhibitors against various signal transduction molecules and Western blotting analysis, it was suggested that p38 MAPK was involved in melanoma cell differentiation as a downstream effector of PKA. Lupeol (compound 1), a lupane triterpene, induced dendrite formations, a morphological hallmark of B16 2F2 cell differentiation by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The activation of cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, by compound 1 caused actin fiber disassembly in B16 2F2 cells. Furthermore, compound 1 was shown to inhibit the cell motilities of human melanoma and neuroblastoma in vitro.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Oinuma H, Kasahara Y, Yamanouchi S, Takido M, Kumaki K, Tamura T (1996) Triterpene alcohols from flower of Compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemistry 43:1255–1260
Boissy RE (2003) Melanosome transfer to and translocation in the keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 12(suppl.2):5–12
Buchan AM, Lin CY, Choi J, Barber DL (2002) Somatostatin, acting at receptor subtype 1, inhibits Rho activity, the assembly of actin stress fibers, and cell migration. J Biol Chem 277:28431–28438
Busca R, Bertolotto C, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R (1996) Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/p70S6-kinase pathway induces B16 melanoma cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 271:31824–31830
Busca R, Bertolotto C, Abbe P, Engalo W, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Boquet P, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R. (1998) Inhibition of Rho is required for cAMP-induced melanoma cell differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 9:1367–1378
Byers HR, Etoh T, Vink J, Franklin N, Gattoni-Celli S, Mihm MC Jr (1992) Actin organization and cell migration of melanoma cells relate to differential expression of integrins and actin-associated proteins. J Dermatol 19:847–852
Chowdhury AR, Mandal S, Mittra B, Sharma S, Mukhopadhyay S, Majumder HK (2002) Betulinic acid, a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic topoisomerase I: identification of the inhibitory step, the major functional group responsible and development of more potent derivatives. Med Sci Monit 8:254–256
Engalo W, Bertolotto C, Busca R, Brunet A, Pages G, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R (1998) Inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway triggers B16 melanoma cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 273:9966–9970
Engalo W, Rezzonico R, Durard-Clement M, Lallemand D, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R (1995) Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and AP-1 are activated during cAMP-induced melanogenesis in B-16 melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 270:24315–24320
Fidler IJ (1975) Biological behavior of malignant melanoma cells correlated to their survival in vivo. Cancer Res 35: 218–224
Fulda S, Jeremias I, Steiner HH, Petsch T, Debatin KM (1999) Betulinic acid: a new cytotoxic agent against malignant brain-tumor cells. Int J Cancer 30:435–441
Hara M, Yaar M, Gilchrest BA (1995) Endothelin-1 of keratinocyte origin is a mediator of melanocyte dendricity. J Invest Dermatol 105:744–748
Hata K, Ishikawa K, Hori K, Konishi T (2000) Differentiation-inducing activity of lupeol, a lupane triterpene from Chinese dandelion root (Hokouei-kon) on a mouse melanoma cell line. Biol Pharm Bull 23:962–967
Hata K, Hori K, Takahashi S (2002) Differentiation and apoptosis-inducing activities of pentacyclic triterpenes on a mouse melanoma cell line. J Nat Prod 65:645–648
Hata K, Hori K, Mukaiyama T, Sakamoto K, Takahashi S (2003a) Activators of melanin biosynthesis from Lactuca indica. Natural Meds 57:238–241
Hata K, Hori K, Ogasawara H, Takahashi S (2003b) Anti-leukemia activities of lup-28-al-20(29)-en-3-one, a lupane triterpene. Toxicol Lett 143:1–7
Hata K, Hori K, Takahashi S (2003c) Role of p38 MAPK in lupeol-induced B16 2F2 mouse melanoma cell differentiation. J Biochem 134:441–445
Hata K, Hori K, Murata J, Takahashi S (2005) Remodeling of actin cytoskeleton in lupeol-induced B16 2F2 cell differentiation. J Biochem 138:467–472
Lee SS, Chen WC, Huang C-F, Su Y (1998) Preparation and cytotoxic effect of ceanothic acid derivatives. J Nat Prod 61:1343–1347
Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, Watanabe N, Fujita A, Iwamatsu A, Obinata T, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Narumiya S (1999) Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285:895–898
Niwa R, Nagata-Ohashi K, Takeichi M, Mizuno K, Uemura T (2002) Control of actin reorganization by Slingshot, a family of phosphatases that dephosphorylate ADF/cofilin. Cell 108:233–246
Okazaki K, Uzuka M, Morikawa F, Toda K, Seiji M (1976) Transfer mechanism of melanosomes in epidermal cell culture. J Invest Dermatol 67:541–547
Park HY, Gilchrest BA (1999) Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis. Cell Mol Biol 45:919–9306
Pisha E, Chai H, Lee IS, Chagwedera TE, Fransworth N, Cordell G, Beecher CWW, Fong HHS, Kinghorn AD, Brown DM, Wani MC, Wall ME, Hieken TJ, Dupta TKD, Pezzuto JM (1995) Discovery of betulinic acid as a selective inhibitor of human melanoma that functions by induction of apoptosis. Nature Med. 1:1046–1051
Saleem M, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H (2004) Lupeol modulates NF-kB and PI3K/Akt pathways and inhibits skin cancer in CD-1 mice. Oncogene 23:5203–5214
Schmidt ML, Kuzmanoff ML, Ling-Indeck L, Pezzut JM (1997) Betulinic acid induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Eur J Cancer 33: 2007–2010
Scott G (2002) Rac and Rho: the story behind melanocyte dendrite formation. Pigment Cell Res 15:322–330
Seiberg M (2001) Keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions during melanosome transfer. Pigment Cell Res 14:236–242
Smalley K, Eisen T (2000) The involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenic and anti-proliferative effects in B16 melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 476: 198–202
Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Takai Y, Nakamura T (1999) Cofilin phosphorylation and actin cytoskeletal dynamics regulated by rho- and Cdc42-activated LIM-kinase 2. J Cell Bio 147:1519–1532
Tabata M, Tabata R, Grabowski DR, Bukowski RM, Ganapathi MK, Ganapathi R (2001) Role of NF-κB and 26 S proteosome in apoptotic cell death induced by topoisomerase I and II poisons in human non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Biol Chem 276:8029–8036
Tachibana M (2000) MITF: a stream flowing for pigment cells. Pigment Cell Res 13:230–2407
Yoshida M, Takahashi Y, Inoue S (2000) Histamine induces melanogenesis and morphologic changes by protein kinase A activation via H2 receptors in human normal melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 114:334–342
You YJ, Nam NH, Kim Y, Bae KH, Ahn BZ (2003) Anitiangiogenic activity of lupeol from Bombax ceiba. Phytother Res 17:341–344
Zhao X, Wakamatsu Y, Shibahara M, Nomura N, Geltinger C, Nakahara T, Murata T, Yokoyama KK (1999) Mannosylerythritol lipid is a potent inducer of apoptosis and differentiation of mouse melanoma cells in culture. Cancer Res 59:482–486
Zhao X, Murata T, Ohno S, Day N, Song J, Nomura N, Nakahara T, Yokoyama KK (2001) Protein kinase Cα plays a critical role in mannosylerythritol lipid-induced differentiationof melanoma B16 cells. J Biol Chem 276:39903–39910
Acknowledgment
This research was supported in part by a grant program “Collaborative Development of Innovative Seeds” from the Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hata, K., Mukaiyama, T., Tsujimura, N. et al. Differentiation-inducing activity of lupane triterpenes on a mouse melanoma cell line. Cytotechnology 52, 151–158 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-007-9069-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-007-9069-0