Abstract
Comparing Cuban and Haitian migrant smuggling schemes, this article explores the relationship between violence and the social organization of migrant smuggling, including the smuggling of refugees. Levels of violence, political repression, and ethnic persecution in sending states provide an important context for understanding the origins and organization of this illicit market. Examining the violent threats and acts directed at migrants en route, we argue that violence is not a necessary part of the illicit market for unauthorized migration, attenuated by the social networks, cultural norms, and contractual relationships in which it is embedded.
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Notes
We define violence conventionally as the threat, attempt, or act of purposeful bodily harm against a person.
Article 33 of the UN’s 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees states, “No Contracting State shall expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” [12]
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Kyle, D., Scarcelli, M. Migrant smuggling and the violence question: evolving illicit migration markets for Cuban and Haitian refugees. Crime Law Soc Change 52, 297–311 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9196-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9196-y