Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Development and Validation of the Therapist Barriers to Engaging Parents (TBEP) Measure

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parent engagement is a well-documented challenge when delivering child and adolescent mental health treatments. Therapists’ internal experiences, and how they respond to parents, may create a barrier to the parent engagement process. The current study developed the 13-item Therapist Barriers to Engaging Parents measure (TBEP) to assess providers’ internal and external experiences that operate as barriers to parent engagement. The TBEP was completed by 148 child and family therapists across the United States. The TBEP demonstrated strong internal reliability (Cronbach α = .86), and was negatively correlated with counselor efficacy, and significantly positively correlated with burnout, indicating convergent validity. Incremental validity of the subscales of the TBEP was also demonstrated. The TBEP appears to be a psychometrically sound measure of the internal barriers mental health providers experience when trying to engage parents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Becker, K. D., Boustani, M., Gellatly, R., & Chorpita, B. F. (2017). Forty years of engagement research in children’s mental health services: Multidimensional measurement and practice elements. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodenhorn, N., & Skaggs, G. (2005). Development of the school counselor self-efficacy scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38, 14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bores-Rangel, E., Church, A. T., Szendre, D., & Reeves, C. (1990). Self-efficacy in relation to occupational consideration and academic performance in high school equivalency students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., … Lynam, D. R. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 222–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.222.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Goldston, D. B., & Costello, E. J. (2017). Adult associations of childhood suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A prospective, longitudinal analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(11), 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.08.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1015–1025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danko, C. M., Garbacz, L. L., & Budd, K. S. (2016). Outcomes of parent–child interaction therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts. Children and Youth Services Review, 60, 42–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. K., & Rosenberg, H. (2013). Acceptance of non-abstinence goals by addiction professionals in the United States. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dretzke, J., Davenport, C., Frew, E., Barlow, J., Stewart-Brown, S., Bayliss, S., … Hyde, C. (2009). The clinical effectiveness of different parenting programmes for children with conduct problems: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3(1), 7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eames, C., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Whitaker, C. J., Bywater, T., Jones, K., & Hughes, J. C. (2010). The impact of group leaders’ behaviour on parents acquisition of key parenting skills during parent training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1221–1226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 215–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005). Subthreshold depression in adolescence and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. A., Grey, I. M., & Hastings, R. P. (2009). Supervisor support as a predictor of burnout an therapeutic self-efficacy in therapists working in ABA schools. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1024–1030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalan, G., Goldstein, L., Klingenstein, K., Sicher, C., Blake, C., & McKay, M. (2010). Engaging families into child mental health treatment: Updates and special considerations. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 182–196.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ingoldsby, E. M. (2010). Review of interventions to improve family engagement and retention in parent and child mental health programs. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 629–645.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., Crowley, M., & Breton, S. (1997). Barriers to treatment participation scale: Evaluation and validation in the context of child outpatient treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 1051–1062.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2006). Pretreatment social relations, therapeutic alliance, and improvements in parenting practices in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 346–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Whitley, M. K., & Marciano, P. L. (2006). Child-therapist and parent-therapist alliance and therapeutic change in the treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 436–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2011). Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Social Work, 56(3), 258–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerting, J., Smith, E., Knowles, M. M., Latter, S., Elsey, H., McCann, D. C., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2013). Barriers to, and facilitators of, parenting programmes for childhood behaviour problems: A qualitative synthesis of studies of parents’ and professionals’ perceptions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 653–670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogler, L., Seidel, E. M., Metzler, H., Thaler, H., Boubela, R. N., Pruessner, J. C., Kryspin-Exner, I., Gur, R. C., Windischberger, C., Moser, E., & Habel, U. (2017). Impact of self-esteem and sex on stress reactions. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17485-w.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, K. M. (2003). Development of the alcohol and other drug self-efficacy scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 13, 724–741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, L. M., Suzuki, L. A., Gillespie, K. N., Potenza, M. T., Bechtel, M. A., & Toulouse, A. L. (1992). Development and validation of the counseling self-estimate inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. S., Joo, E. J., & Choi, K. S. (2013). Perceived stress and self-esteem mediate the effects of work-related stress on depression. Stress and Health, 29(1), 75–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). On conceptualizing and assessing social cognitive constructs in career research: A measurement guide. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 12–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., Hackett, G., & Brown, S. D. (1998). Extending social cognitive theory to counselor training: Problems and prospects. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (2003). Development and validation of the counselor activity self-efficacy scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 97–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, M. A., Brandt, N. E., Becker, K. D., Lee, B. R., Barth, R. P., Daleiden, E. L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2014). Identifying the common elements of treatment engagement interventions in children’s mental health services. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(3), 283–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M., Cochran, B. N., Mar, C. M., Levensky, E. R., & Comtois, K. A. (2000). Therapeutic burnout among borderline disordered clients and their therapists: Development and evaluation of two adaptations of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 329–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, T., & Tsukamoto, S. I. (1991). Relation between career self-efficacy measures based on occupational titles and Holland codes and model environments: A methodological contribution. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(1), 78–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., Pennington, J., Lynn, C. J., & McCadam, K. (2001). Understanding urban child mental health service use: Two studies of child, family, and environmental correlates. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 28(4), 475–483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K., He, J., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourdon, K., & Koretz, D. S. (2010). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics, 125(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006). Parent-training/education programs in the management of children with conduct disorders. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 102.

  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The NICE guideline on diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 72.

  • Nock, M. K., & Ferriter, C. (2005). Parent management of attendance and adherence in child and adolescent therapy: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 149–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2001). Parent expectancies for child therapy: Assessment and relation to participation in treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10(2), 155–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Photos, V. (2006). Parent motivation to participate in treatment: Assessment and prediction of subsequent participation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(3), 333–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, K. A., Brodman, D. M., Cohen, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). Childhood anxiety disorders: The Coping Cat Program. In E. Szigethy, J. R. Weisz, R. L. Findling, E. Szigethy, J. R. Weisz, & R. L. Findling (Eds.), Cognitive-behavior therapy for children and adolescents (pp. 227–261). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781615370955.es07.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Orrell-Valente, J. K., Pinderhughes, E. E., Valente, E., Laird, R. D., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1999). If it’s offered, will they come? Influences on parents’ participation in a community-based conduct problems prevention program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 753–783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Chamberlain, P. (1994). A functional analysis of resistance during parent training therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1, 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Forgatch, M. S. (1985). Therapist behavior as a determinant for client noncompliance: A paradox for the behavior modifier. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 846–851.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellerin, K., Costa, N., Weems, C., & Dalton, R. (2010). An examination of treatment completers and non-completers at a child and adolescent community mental health clinic. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(3), 273–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooney, R. A., & Osipow, S. H. (1992). Task-specific occupational self-efficacy scale: The development and validation of a prototype. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40(1), 14–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, H., & Davis, A. K. (2014). Differences in the acceptability of non-abstinence goals by type of drug among American substance abuse clinicians. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46, 214–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, T., & Pace, M. (2006). Burnout among mental health professionals: Special considerations for the marriage and family therapist. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32(1), 87–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 183–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Final Report. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

  • Wallace, S. L., Lee, J., & Lee, S. M. (2010). Job stress, coping strategies, and burnout among abuse-specific counselors. Journal of Employment Counseling, 47(3), 111–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2003). Treating conduct problems and strengthening social and emotional competence in young children: The Dina Dinosaur treatment program. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11(3), 130–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C. H., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. (2011). Combining parent and child training for young children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(2), 191–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. M., Wildman, B. G., Ciesla, J., Smith, A. W., & Dempster, R. (2015). Factor structure of the obstacles to engagement scale: Problems, solutions, and hypotheses. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 891–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Southam-Gerow, M., Chu, B. C., & Sigman, M. (2006). Family cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(3), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000196425.88341.b0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morgan E. Dynes.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dynes, M.E., Tompsett, C.J. & Domoff, S.E. Development and Validation of the Therapist Barriers to Engaging Parents (TBEP) Measure. Community Ment Health J 54, 967–977 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0317-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0317-x

Keywords

Navigation