Skip to main content
Log in

Parent Motivation to Participate in Treatment: Assessment and Prediction of Subsequent Participation

  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Treatment motivation is required for virtually all psychosocial treatments because clients must participate actively in the treatment process. In child and family treatments, it is the parent who must be motivated to manage treatment participation; however, no measures are currently available for evaluating parent motivation for treatment. The authors developed and evaluated a brief rating scale, the Parent Motivation Inventory (PMI), to measure parent motivation to participate in treatment. Results supported a uni-dimensional measure with strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Increases in parent motivation predicted the perception of fewer barriers to treatment participation, which was significantly associated with greater treatment attendance. The PMI provides a reliable and valid method of assessing parents’ motivation to participate in treatment and has implications for the prediction and potential modification of barriers to treatment and treatment participation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster, P., & Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Attrition in child psychotherapy. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 81–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. P., Connolly, M. B., & Crits-Christoph, P. (2000). Alliance predicts patients’ outcome beyond in-treatment change in symptoms. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 1027–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGarmo, D. S., & Forgatch, M. S. (2005). Early development of delinquency within divorced families: Evaluating a randomized preventive intervention. Developmental Science, 8, 229–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Kavanagh, K. (2003). The Family Check-Up with high-risk young adolescents: Preventing early-onset substance use by parent monitoring. Behavior Therapy, 34, 553–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (1992). Age effects in parent training outcome. Behavior Therapy, 23, 719–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drieschner, K. H., Lammers, S. M. M., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2004). Treatment motivation: An attempt for clarification of an ambiguous concept. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1115–1137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp.1017–1095). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 221–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2000). Motivational science: The nature and functions of wanting. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglarnski (Eds.), Motivational science: Social and personality perspectives (pp. 1–20). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1996). Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2003). Problem-solving skills training and parent management training for conduct disorder. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 241–262), New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Bass, D., Ayers, W. A., & Rodgers, A. (1990). Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 729–740.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., & Crowley, M. (1997). Family experience of barriers to treatment and premature termination from child therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 453–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., Crowley, M., & Breton, S. (1997). Barriers to treatment participation scale: Evaluation and validation in the context of child outpatient treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 1051–1062.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Mazurick, J. L. (1994). Dropping out of child psychotherapy: Distinguishing early and late dropouts over the course of treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1069–1074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Nock, M. K. (2003). Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1116–1129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R., (2003). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, E. W., Wahler, R. G., Andrade, A. R., & Bickman, L. (2001). Looking for the disorder in conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 110–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., & Salekin, R. T. (2003). Prevention and intervention with aggressive and disruptive children: Next steps in behavioral intervention research. Behavior Therapy, 34, 413–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. (2002). Males on the life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26. Development & Psychopathology, 14, 179–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. (2003). Engagement of families in treatment for childhood conduct problems. Behavior Therapy, 34, 517–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, A. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey-Kane, E., & Prinz, R. J. (2000). Engagement in child and adolescent treatment: The role of parental cognitions and attributions. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 2, 183–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, C. M., & Baxter, V. A. (1997). Motivating batterers to change in the treatment context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 607–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K. (2003). Progress review of the psychosocial treatment of child conduct problems. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K , & Ferriter, C. (2005). Parent management of attendance and adherence in child and adolescent therapy: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 149–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2001). Parent expectancies for child therapy: Assessment and relation to participation in treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10, 155–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2002). Parent-directed physical aggression by clinic-referred youths. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 193–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for increasing participation in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 872–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Chamberlain, P. (1994). A functional analysis of resistance during parent training therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 1, 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pekarik, G,, & Stephenson, L A. (1988). Adult and child client differences in therapy dropout research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 316–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prinz, R. J., & Miller, G. E. (1994). Family-based treatment for childhood antisocial behavior: Experiential influences on dropout and engagement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 645–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & Levesque, D. A. (2002). Enhancing motivation of offenders at each stage of change and phase of therapy. In M. McMurran (Ed). Motivating offenders to change (pp. 57–74). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., Plant, R. W., & O’Malley, S. (1995). Initial motivations for alcohol treatment: Relations with patient characteristics, treatment involvement, and dropout. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 279–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sifneos, P. E. (1978). Motivation for change: A prognostic guide for successful psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 29, 293–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoolmiller, M., Duncan, T., & Bank, L. (1993). Some problems and solutions in the study of change: Significant patterns in client resistance. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61, 920–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walitzer, K. S., Dermen, K. H., & Connors, G. J. (1999). Strategies for preparing clients for treatment: A review. Behavior Modification, 23, 129–151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Alicke, M. D., & Klotz, M. L. (1987). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Meta-analytic findings for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 542–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wierzbicki, M., & Pekarik, G. (1993). A meta-analysis of psychotherapy dropout. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 24, 190–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccolillo, M. (1993). Gender and the development of conduct disorder. Development & Psychopathology, 5, 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweben, A., & Zuckoff, A. (2002). Motivational interviewing and treatment adherence. In W. R. Miller & S. Rollnick (Eds.), Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed., pp. 299–319). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project was completed at the Yale Child Conduct Clinic (YCCC) and supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to Matthew K. Nock (MH12923) and Alan E. Kazdin (MH59029). We are extremely grateful to Alan E. Kazdin and the YCCC staff for all of their help and support with this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew K. Nock Ph.D..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nock, M.K., Photos, V. Parent Motivation to Participate in Treatment: Assessment and Prediction of Subsequent Participation. J Child Fam Stud 15, 333–346 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9022-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9022-4

KEY WORDS:

Navigation