Abstract
Current parameterizations of the hydrodynamic forces on irregular particles consider some shape dependencies, but lack an explicit dependence on the orientation with respect to the flow. In this paper, we propose a new parameterization of the drag and lift forces acting on whole Limpet shells at arbitrary orientations with respect to the direction of flow through the linear regression of fluid forces against the velocity components in an object frame of reference. The fluid forces were estimated using boundary layer-resolving Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. We verified the accuracy of the shear stress transport (SST) \(k-\omega \) turbulence model on flat plates with varying angles of attack, and we achieved coefficients of determination versus existing data of approximately 0.95 for both the drag and lift coefficients. From the linear regression of our simulated force data, we developed a model as a function of 3-dimensional orientations to predict the hydrodynamic forces acting on a Limpet shell with coefficients of determination of 0.80 for normal forces and 0.51 for longitudinal forces.
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Acknowledgements
Carley Walker and Julian Simeonov were supported through base funding of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. This work was supported in part by a grant of computer time from the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program. Portion of this work was performed while Ian Adams held an National Research Council Research Associateship award at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.
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The authors were supported through base funding of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.
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Carley Walker designed and performed the simulations, performed the computations, and analyzed the data. Julian Simeonov conceived and directed the project as well as verified methods and analyses. Ian Adams designed and performed the plate simulations during the revision. All three authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
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Walker, C., Simeonov, J. & Adams, I. Parameterizing the fluid forces on limpet shells in unidirectional flow. Comput Geosci 28, 77–90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-023-10263-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-023-10263-w