Abstract
In a recent paper, we developed a physics-based data-driven model referred to as INSIM-FT and showed that it can be used for history matching and future reservoir performance predictions even when no prior geological model is available. The model requires no prior knowledge of petrophysical properties. In this work, we explore the possibility of using INSIM-FT in place of a reservoir simulation model when estimating the well controls that optimize water flooding performance where we use the net present value (NPV) of life-cycle production as our cost (objective) function. The well controls are either the flowing bottom-hole pressure (BHP) or total liquid rates at injectors and producers on the time intervals which represent the prescribed control steps. The optimal well controls that maximize NPV are estimated with an ensemble-based optimization algorithm using the history-matched INSIM-FT model as the forward model. We compare the optimal NPV obtained using INSIM-FT as the forward model with the estimate of the optimal NPV obtained using the correct full-scale reservoir simulation model when performing waterflooding optimization.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albertoni, A., Lake, L.W.: Inferring connectivity only from well-rate fluctuations in water floods. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 6(1), 6–16 (2003)
Brouwer, D., Jansen, J.: Dynamic optimization of water flooding with smart wells using optimal control theory. SPE J. 9, 391–402 (2004)
Cardoso, M.A., Durlofsky, L.J.: Use of reduced-order modeling procedures for production optimization. SPE J. 15(02), 426–435 (2010)
Chen, B., Fonseca, R.-M., Leeuwenburgh, O., Reynolds, A.C.: Minimizing the risk in the robust life-cycle production optimization using stochastic simplex approximate gradient. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 153, 331–344 (2017)
Chen, B., Reynolds, A.C.: Ensemble-based optimization of the water-alternating-gas-injection process. SPE J. 21(03), 786–798 (2016)
Chen, C.: Adjoint-Gradient-Based Production Optimization with the Augmented Lagrangian Method, Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma (2011)
Chen, C., Gao, G., Ramirez, B., Vink, J., Girardi, A.: Assisted history matching of channelized models using pluri-principal component analysis. In: Proceedings of SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston (2015)
Chen, C., Li, G., Reynolds, A.C.: Robust constrained optimization of short and long-term NPV for closed-loop reservoir management. SPE J. 17(3), 849–864 (2012)
Chen, Y., Oliver, D.S., Zhang, D.: Efficient ensemble-based closed-loop production optimization. SPE J. 14(4), 634–645 (2009)
Do, S.T., Reynolds, A.C.: Theoretical connections between optimization algorithms based on an approximate gradient. Comput. Geosci. 17(6), 959–973 (2013)
Emerick, A.A., Reynolds, A.C.: History matching time-lapse seismic data using the ensemble Kalman filter with multiple data assimilations. Comput. Geosci. 16(3), 639–659 (2012)
Emerick, A.A., Reynolds, A.C.: Ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilations. Comput. Geosci. 55, 3–15 (2013)
Emerick, A.A., Reynolds, A.C.: History-matching production and seismic data in a real field case using the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation. In: Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 18–20 February, SPE-163645-MS (2013)
Fonseca, R., Leeuwenburgh, O., den Hof, P.V., Jansen, J.D.: Improving the ensemble optimization procedure through covariance matrix adaptation (CMA-EnOpt). In: Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, SPE 163657 (2013)
Gentil, P: The Use of Multilinear Regression Models in Patterned Waterfloods: Physical Meaning of the Regression Coefficients, Master’s thesis, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas (2005)
Gildin, E., Ghasemi, M., Romanovskay, A., Efendiev, Y.: Nonlinear complexity reduction for fast simulation of flow in heterogeneous porous media. In: Proceedings of SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 18–20 February, SPE-163618-MS (2013)
Guo, Z., Reynolds, A.C., Zhao, H.: A physics-based data-driven model for history-matching, prediction and characterization of waterflooding performance. In: Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference, SPE-182660-MS (2017)
He, J., Durlofsky, L.J.: Reduced-order modeling for compositional simulation by use of trajectory piecewise linearization. SPE J. 19(05), 858–872 (2014)
Holden, H., Holden, L., Høegh-krohn, R.: A numerical method for first order nonlinear scalar conservation laws in one-dimension. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 15(6), 595–602 (1988)
Isebor, O.J., Durlofsky, L.J.: Biobjective optimization for general oil field development. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 119, 123–138 (2014)
Isebor, O.J., Durlofsky, L.J.: A derivative-free methodology with local and global search for the constrained joint optimization of well locations and controls. Comput. Geosci. 18, 463–482 (2014)
Jansen, J., Brouwer, D., Naevdal, G., van Kruijsdijk, C.: Closed-loop reservoir management. First Break 23, 43–48 (2005)
Jansen, J.D., Douma, S.D., Brouwer, D.R., den Hof, P.M.J.V., Heemink, A.W.: Closed-loop reservoir management. In: Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas, 2–4 February, SPE-119098-MS (2009)
Jansen, J.D., Durlofsky, L.: Use of reduced-order models in well control optimization. Optim. Eng., Online (2016)
Kraaijevanger, J.F.B.M., Egberts, P.J.P., Valstar, J.R., Buurman, H.W.: Optimal waterflood design using the adjoint method. In: Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, SPE-105764-MS (2007)
Lerlertpakdee, P., Jafarpour, B., Gildin, E.: Efficient production optimization with flow-network models. SPE J. 19(6), 1083–1095 (2014)
Liang, X., Weber, D.B., Edgar, T.F., Lake, L.W., Sayarpour, M., Al-Yousef, A.: Optimization of oil production based on a capacitance model of production and injection rates. In: Proceedings of Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1–3 April, SPE-107713-MS (2007)
Lie, K.A., Juanes, R.: A front-tracking method for the simulation of three-phase flow in porous media. Comput. Geosci. 9(1), 29–59 (2005)
Lorentzen, R.J., Berg, A.M., Nævdal, G., Vefring, E.H.: A new approach for dynamic optimization of waterflooding problems. In: Proceedings of the SPE Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition, SPE-99690-MS (2006)
Nguyen, A.P.: Capacitance Resistance Modeling for Primary Recovery, Waterflood and Water-CO2 Flood, Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas (2012)
Oliveira, D.F., Reynolds, A.C.: An adaptive hierarchical multiscale algorithm for estimation of optimal well controls. SPE J. 19(05), 909–930 (2014)
Peaceman, D.W.: Interpretation of well-block pressures in numerical reservoir simulation (includes associated paper 6988). Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 18(03), 183–194 (1978)
Peaceman, D.W.: Interpretation of well-block pressures in numerical reservoir simulation with nonsquare grid blocks and anisotropic permeability. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 23(03), 531– 543 (1983)
Peters, L., Arts, R., Brouwer, G., Geel, C., Cullick, S., Lorentzen, R., Chen, Y., Dunlop, K., Vossepoel, F., Xu, R., Sarma, P., Alhuthali, A., Reynolds, A.: Results of the Brugge benchmark study for flooding optimisation and history matching. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 13(3), 391–405 (2010)
Sarma, P., Aziz, K., Durlofsky, L.: Implementation of adjoint solution for optimal control of smart wells. In: Proceedings of SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Woodland, Texas, USA, 31 January-2 February, SPE-92864-MS (2005)
van Doren, J.F., Markovinović, R., Jansen, J.D.: Reduced-order optimal control of water flooding using proper orthogonal decomposition. Comput. Geosci. 10(1), 137–158 (2006)
van Essen, G., den Hof, P.V., Jansen, J.: Hierarchical Optimization of Oil Production from Petroleum Reservoirs in Workship on Data Assimilation and Reservoir Optimization, 20, January, Technical University of Delft (2009)
van Essen, G., Zandvliet, M., den Hof, P.V., Bosgra, O., Jansen, J.: Robust waterflooding optimization of multiple geological scenarios. In: Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE-84571-MS (2006)
van Essen, G.M., den Hof, P.M.J.V., Jansen, J.D.: Hierarchical long-term and short-term production optimization. SPE J. 16(1), 191–199 (2011)
Weber, D.: The Use of Capacitance-Resistance Models to Optimize Injection Allocation and Well Location in Water Floods, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas (2009)
Yousef, A.A., Gentil, P.H., Jensen, J.L., Lake, L.W.: A capacitance model to infer interwell connectivity from production and injection rate fluctuations. In: Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, 9–12 October, SPE-95322-MS (2005)
Yousef, A.A., Gentil, P.H., Jensen, J.L., Lake, L.W.: A capacitance model to infer interwell connectivity from production and injection rate fluctuations. SPE J. 9(06), 630–646 (2006)
Zhao, H., Kang, Z., Zhang, X., Sun, H., Cao, L., Reynolds, A.C.: A physics-based data-driven numerical model for reservoir history matching and prediction with a field application. SPE J. 21(06), 2175–2194 (2016)
Zhao, H., Li, Y., Cui, S., Shang, G., Reynolds, A.C., Guo, Z., Li, H.A.: History matching and production optimization of water flooding based on a data-driven interwell numerical simulation model. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 31, 48–66 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, Z., Reynolds, A.C. & Zhao, H. Waterflooding optimization with the INSIM-FT data-driven model. Comput Geosci 22, 745–761 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-018-9723-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-018-9723-y