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Landscape and stocking effects on population genetics of Tennessee Brook Trout

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Abstract

Throughout their range, Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) occupy thousands of disjunct drainages with varying levels of disturbance, which presents substantial challenges for conservation. Within the southern Appalachian Mountains, fragmentation and genetic drift have been identified as key threats to the genetic diversity of the Brook Trout populations. In addition, extensive historic stocking of domestic lineages of Brook Trout to augment fisheries may have eroded endemic diversity and impacted locally adapted populations. We used 12 microsatellite loci to describe patterns of genetic diversity within 108 populations of wild Brook Trout from Tennessee and used linear models to explore the impacts of land use, drainage area, and hatchery stockings on metrics of genetic diversity, effective population size, and hatchery introgression. We found levels of within-population diversity varied widely, although many populations showed very limited diversity. The extent of hatchery introgression also varied across the landscape, with some populations showing high affinity to hatchery lineages and others appearing to retain their endemic character. However, we found relatively weak relationships between genetic metrics and landscape characteristics, suggesting that contemporary landscape variables are not strongly related to observed patterns of genetic diversity. We consider this result to reflect both the complex history of these populations and the challenges associated with accurately defining drainages for each population. Our study highlights the importance of genetic data to guide management decisions, as complex processes interact to shape the genetic structure of populations and make it difficult to infer the status of unsampled populations.

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Data availability

Multilocus genotypes are provided in Supplemental File 1 in GenAlEx format. Summary data for each collection is provided in Supplemental File 2. Drainage delineations are provided in Supplemental File 3 as an ArcGIS shapefile.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Biology Department at Tennessee Technological University for providing molecular laboratory access. We appreciate the efforts of J. Emmert, Z. Harbison, C. Chapman, D.R. Lindbom, M. Thurman, T. Scott, and W. Collier who helped with Brook Trout sampling across the rugged landscape of eastern Tennessee. Funding for this study was provided by TWRA, Tennessee Trout Unlimited, the U.S. Forest Service, and Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration funds. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Funding

Funding for this study was provided by TWRA, Tennessee Trout Unlimited, and Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration funds.

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Author notes

  1. John S. Hargrove

    Present address: Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Eagle, ID, USA

  2. John S. Hargrove and David C. Kazyak contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, USA

    John S. Hargrove & Olivia K. Bowers

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Leetown Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV, USA

    David C. Kazyak, Barbara A. Lubinski & Karli M. Rogers

  3. Trout Unlimited, Boise, ID, USA

    Kurt A. Fesenmyer

  4. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Morristown, TN, USA

    Jim W. Habera

  5. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Nashville, TN, USA

    Jason Henegar

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Contributions

DCK and JSH designed the study, performed statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. OB and BAL worked together to complete all laboratory procedures. KR and KAF completed the GIS analyses. JWH and JH were instrumental in the development of the study and were responsible for field collections. All authors participated in substantive conversations during the development of the manuscript and contributed to its preparation.

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Correspondence to John S. Hargrove or David C. Kazyak.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10592_2021_1404_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary file1 (XLSX 276 kb). Supplemental File 1. Multilocus microsatellite genotypes for 2,508 wild Brook Trout representing 108 collections from Tennessee

10592_2021_1404_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary file2 (XLSX 52 kb). Supplemental File 2. Summary statistics for 108 collections of wild Brook Trout sampled across the state of Tennessee. Two collections (TN60 and TN77) were omitted from all landscape modeling due to their geographic proximity and low levels of differentiation. Seventy-five of the remaining 106 collections (n ≥ 20 samples) were used for modeling relationships between genetic diversity and landscape characteristics

Supplementary file3 (ZIP 73 kb)

10592_2021_1404_MOESM4_ESM.docx

Supplementary file4 (DOCX 227 kb). Supplemental Files 3 through 10. Shapefile with drainage delineations associated with 108 collections of wild Brook Trout from Tennessee

Supplementary file5 (DOCX 14 kb)

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Hargrove, J.S., Kazyak, D.C., Lubinski, B.A. et al. Landscape and stocking effects on population genetics of Tennessee Brook Trout. Conserv Genet 23, 341–357 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01404-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01404-8

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