Abstract
Achondrostoma salmantinum is a small, endangered freshwater fish endemic to Spain. Although the species is a member of the widely distributed family Leuciscidae, its geographic range is restricted to a few rivers in the southwestern Duero Basin. Its populations are in decline, with some now extirpated from rivers within its historical distribution. A captive breeding program has already been implemented for the species; however, there are no population genetic studies on A. salmantinum, despite the importance of information on genetic variability and variation as fundamentals tools for management and conservation efforts. Here, we assessed the genetic diversity of A. salmantinum and defined its Operational Conservation Units (OCUs). We sampled throughout the entire known distribution area of A. salmantinum, and analysed both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and 4123 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Contrary to expectations, due to its small distribution area within the same basin, A. salmantinum showed signs of marked genetic erosion and a strong population structure that is not associated with the current hydrogeographic configuration of the region, but rather with historical geomorphological processes. On the basis of our genetic analyses, we identified four OCUs for the species: (I) Águeda Sub-basin; (II) Uces Sub-basin, Huebra River and the right-bank tributaries of Huebra Sub-basin; (III) left-bank tributaries of Huebra Sub-basin and (IV) Camaces River, a small left-bank tributary of the Huebra River. Overall, our findings provide insight on the population genetic structure of A. salmantinum and on some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that threaten the viability of the species.
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Data availability
The new sequences of the mitochondrial (MT-CYTB) and nuclear (RAG1) markers obtained from this study are available in GenBank (MW174250-MW174757). The SNP data have been deposited in VCF format in Figshare (https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/populations_snps_vcf/13136069).
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Acknowledgements
Samples used in this study are stored in the DNA and Tissue Collection at the National Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid (MNCN–CSIC). However, we specifically want to thank P. Garzón, I. Doadrio Jr, J.L. González and G. González for collecting almost every sample from 2009 to 2010 under the project “Basis for the monitoring of Spanish Freshwater Fishes”, supported by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino (MARM), and C. Marcos, J.C Velaco and G. González for their help in the project Life13 nat/es/000772. We greatly thank L. Alcaraz for laboratory assistance. We are grateful for the valuable suggestions and English editing performed by M. Modrell. This study was also supported by a management commission funded by the Duero Hydrographic Confederation in Spain (Análisis y estudios filogeográficos y de variabilidad genética de endemismos ibéricos de ciprínidos: Life13 nat/es/000772 “Actuaciones para la protección y conservación de ciprínidos ibéricos de interés comunitario”) and by grant IND2017/AMB‐7699 to AC‐L, funded by the Community of Madrid (Spain) through its Industrial Doctorate programme. We acknowledge the Santander Supercomputacion support group at the University of Cantabria for providing access to the supercomputer Altamira at the Institute of Physics of Cantabria (IFCA-CSIC), a member of the Spanish Supercomputing Network, which was used to perform simulations/analyses.
Funding
(1) Industrial Doctorate of Community of Madrid. Grant Number: IND2017/AMB-7699. (2) Duero Hydrographic Confederation. Grant Number: Life13 nat/es/000772
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Corral-Lou, A., Perea, S. & Doadrio, I. High genetic differentiation in the endemic and endangered freshwater fish Achondrostoma salmantinum Doadrio and Elvira, 2007 from Spain, as revealed by mitochondrial and SNP markers. Conserv Genet 22, 585–600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01381-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01381-y