Abstract
Healthcare 4.0 promises enormous breakthroughs in the Internet of Medical Device (IoMD) environment, allowing billions of devices to communicate seamlessly. The introduction of sixth-generation (6G) networks with IoMD improves smart healthcare services by enabling more efficient, robust, sustainable, low cost, and ubiquitous solutions, as well as improving sensing, communication, and interaction capabilities in context-aware settings. However, providing the secure authentication of these devices while also safeguarding data integrity presents considerable challenges. The current systems that rely on centralized servers are vulnerable to unwanted access and modification. To overcome this challenge, the use of Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) and blockchain technology can be made. In this paper, PUF-based authentication technique is integrated with blockchain technology to secure IoMD network in healthcare 4.0. To make it energy efficient as IoMD considered as constrained device, a novel consensus mechanism “Proof-of-Energy" has been introduced which will increase the transaction processing speed while reducing energy consumption. The experimental result shows the proposed model exhibits better security, efficiency and performance in this direction.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Tortorella, G.L., Fogliatto, F.S., Vergara, Mac Cawley, A., Vassolo, R., Sawhney, R.: Healthcare 4.0: trends, challenges and research directions. Product. Plann. Control 31(15), 1245–1260 (2020)
Lin, J.C.-W., Srivastava, G., Zhang, Y., Djenouri, Y., Aloqaily, M.: Privacy-preserving multiobjective sanitization model in 6g iot environments. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(7), 5340–5349 (2020)
Razdan, S., Sharma, S.: Internet of medical things (iomt): overview, emerging technologies, and case studies. IETE Tech. Rev. 39(4), 775–788 (2022)
Ghubaish, A., Salman, T., Zolanvari, M., Unal, D., Al-Ali, A., Jain, R.: Recent advances in the internet-of-medical-things (iomt) systems security. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(11), 8707–8718 (2020)
Sun, J., Khan, F., Li, J., Alshehri, M.D., Alturki, R., Wedyan, M.: Mutual authentication scheme for the device-to-server communication in the internet of medical things. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(21), 663–671 (2021)
Alsaeed, N., Nadeem, F.: Authentication in the internet of medical things: taxonomy, review, and open issues. Appl. Sci. 12(15), 7487 (2022)
Sowjanya, K., Dasgupta, M., Ray, S.: Elliptic curve cryptography based authentication scheme for internet of medical things. J. Inform. Secur. Appl. 58, 102761 (2021)
Wang, W., Chen, Q., Yin, Z., Srivastava, G., Gadekallu, T.R., Alsolami, F., Su, C.: Blockchain and puf-based lightweight authentication protocol for wireless medical sensor networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(11), 8883–8891 (2021)
Lee, T.-F., Chen, W.-Y.: Lightweight fog computing-based authentication protocols using physically unclonable functions for internet of medical things. J. Inform. Secur. Appl. 59, 102817 (2021)
Idriss, T.A., Idriss, H.A., Bayoumi, M.A.: A lightweight puf-based authentication protocol using secret pattern recognition for constrained iot devices. IEEE Access 9, 546–558 (2021)
Almadhoun, R., Kadadha, M., Alhemeiri, M., Alshehhi, M., Salah, K.: A user authentication scheme of iot devices using blockchain-enabled fog nodes. 10, pp. 1–8 (2018)
Maitra, S., Yanambaka, V. P., Abdelgawad, A., Puthal, D., Yelamarthi, K.: Proof-of-authentication consensus algorithm: blockchain-based iot implementation. In: 2020 IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). IEEE, pp. 1–2 (2020)
Li, D., Peng, W., Deng, W., Gai, F.: A blockchain-based authentication and security mechanism for iot. (2018), pp. 1–6
Alsubaei, F., Abuhussein, A., Shandilya, V., Shiva, S.: Iomt-saf: internet of medical things security assessment framework. Internet Things 8, 100123 (2019)
Xiao, L., Yang, H., Zhuang, W., Min, M.: Learning-based privacy-aware maritime iot communications. In: Reinforcement Learning for Maritime Communications, pp. 53–78. Springer, Cham (2023)
Haghi, M., Neubert, S., Geissler, A., Fleischer, H., Stoll, N., Stoll, R., Thurow, K.: A flexible and pervasive iot-based healthcare platform for physiological and environmental parameters monitoring. IEEE Internet Things J. 7(6), 5628–5647 (2020)
Said, O., Tolba, A.: Design and evaluation of large-scale iot-enabled healthcare architecture. Appl. Sci. 11(8), 1 (2021)
Bai, L., Yang, D., Wang, X., Tong, L., Zhu, X., Zhong, N., Bai, C., Powell, C.A., Chen, R., Zhou, J., et al.: Chinese experts’ consensus on the internet of things-aided diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). Clin. eHealth 3, 7–15 (2020)
Al Bassam, N., Hussain, S.A., Al Qaraghuli, A., Khan, J., Sumesh, E., Lavanya, V.: Iot based wearable device to monitor the signs of quarantined remote patients of covid-19. Inform. Med. Unlocked 24, 100588 (2021)
Yıldırım, E., Cicioğlu, M., Çalhan, A.: Fog-cloud architecture-driven internet of medical things framework for healthcare monitoring. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 61(5), 1133–1147 (2023)
Wang, X., Song, Y.: Edge-assisted iomt-based smart-home monitoring system for the elderly with chronic diseases. IEEE Sensors Lett. 7(2), 1–4 (2023)
Kumar, A., Krishnamurthi, R., Nayyar, A., Sharma, K., Grover, V., Hossain, E.: A novel smart healthcare design, simulation, and implementation using healthcare 4.0 processes. IEEE Access 8, 433–471 (2020)
Kumar, A., Chatterjee, K.: A lightweight blockchain-based framework for medical cyber-physical system. J. Supercomput. 79, 1–29 (2023)
Li, R., Qin, Y., Wang, C., Li, M., Chu, X.: A blockchain-enabled framework for enhancing scalability and security in iiot. In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (2022)
Lian, Z., Zeng, Q., Wang, W., Gadekallu, T. R., Su, C.: Blockchain-based two-stage federated learning with non-iid data in iomt system. In: IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, (2022)
Li, C., Dong, M., Xin, X., Li, J., Chen, X.-B., Ota, K.: Efficient privacy-preserving in iomt with blockchain and lightweight secret sharing. In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, (2023)
Rahman, M.A., Hossain, M.S.: An internet-of-medical-things-enabled edge computing framework for tackling covid-19. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(21), 847–854 (2021)
Vilela, P.H., Rodrigues, J.J., Solic, P., Saleem, K., Furtado, V.: Performance evaluation of a fog-assisted iot solution for e-health applications. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 97, 379–386 (2019)
Rachakonda, S., Moorthy, S., Jain, A., Bukharev, A., Bucur, A., Manni, F., Quiterio, T.M., Joosten, L., Mendez, N.I.: Privacy enhancing and scalable federated learning to accelerate ai implementation in cross-silo and iomt environments. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 27(2), 744–755 (2022)
Li, R., Qin, Y., Wang, C., Li, M., Chu, X.: A blockchain-enabled framework for enhancing scalability and security in iiot. In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (2022)
Yazdinejad, A., Parizi, R.M., Dehghantanha, A., Zhang, Q., Choo, K.-K.R.: An energy-efficient sdn controller architecture for iot networks with blockchain-based security. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 13(4), 625–638 (2020)
Huang, H., Miao, W., Li, Z., Tian, J., Wang, C., Min, G.: Enabling energy trading in cooperative microgrids: a scalable blockchain-based approach with redundant data exchange. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 18(10), 7077–7085 (2021)
Funding
There is no funding for this publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: AK: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing, Validation. KC: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing, Validation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no Conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, A., Chatterjee, K. Securing internet of medical devices using energy efficient blockchain for healthcare 4.0. Cluster Comput (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04437-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04437-z