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Current status of gastrointestinal tract cancer brain metastasis and the use of blood-based cancer biomarker biopsy

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Abstract

Brain metastasis (BM) frequently occurs in patients with cutaneous melanoma, lung, and breast cancer; although, BM rarely arises from cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The reported incidence of GIT cancer BM is less than 4%. In the last few years, effective systemic therapy has prolonged the survival of GIT patients and consequently, the incidence of developing BM is rising. Therefore, the epidemiology and biology of BM arising from GIT cancer requires a more comprehensive understanding. In spite of the development of new therapeutic agents for patients with metastatic GIT cancers, survival for patients with BM still remains poor, with a median survival after diagnosis of less than 4 months. Limited evidence suggests that early detection of isolated intra-cranial lesions will enable surgical resection plus systemic and/or radiation therapy, which may lead to an increase in overall survival. Novel diagnostic methods such as blood-based biomarker biopsies may play a crucial role in the early detection of BM. Circulating tumor cells and circulating cell-free nucleic acids are known to serve as blood biomarkers for early detection and treatment response monitoring of multiple cancers. Blood biopsy may improve early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of GIT cancers BM, thus prolonging patients’ survivals.

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The DESeq2 data subgroup normalization, analyses, and statistical comparisons were performed using the HTG REVEAL software version: 2.0.1. Box plot and t-test analysis were performed with GraphPad prism 5 (GraphPad software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). MicroRNA expression counts were logarithmically scaled (log2) for data visualization. A two-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p <  0.001 and NS = non-significant. Venn diagram was created using InteractiVenn (http://www.interactivenn.net/). The figures were made using CorelDraw graphics suite 8X (Corel Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada).

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation (DSBH) in brain metastasis studies. The authors would also like to thank Rebecca R. Gross, from the Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, for proofreading.

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA

    Yoshiaki Shoji, Satoru Furuhashi, Dave S. B. Hoon & Matias A. Bustos

  2. Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA

    Daniel F. Kelly

  3. Department of Surgical Oncology, Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA

    Anton J. Bilchik

Authors
  1. Yoshiaki Shoji
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  2. Satoru Furuhashi
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  3. Daniel F. Kelly
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  4. Anton J. Bilchik
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  5. Dave S. B. Hoon
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  6. Matias A. Bustos
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Contributions

YS, MAB, and DSBH had the idea for the article. YS and SF performed the literature search. YS and MAB performed the data analysis. MAB, DFK, AJB, and DSBH drafted and critically revised the work. All authors approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matias A. Bustos.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This pilot study followed the principles in the Declaration of Helsinki. All human samples and clinical information for this study were obtained according to the protocol guidelines approved by the Saint John’s Health Center (SJHC)/John Wayne Cancer Institute (JWCI) Joint Institutional Review Board (IRB): JWCI Universal Consent (Providence Health System Portland IRB: JWCI-18-0401) and Western IRB: MORD-RTPCR-0995.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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Shoji, Y., Furuhashi, S., Kelly, D.F. et al. Current status of gastrointestinal tract cancer brain metastasis and the use of blood-based cancer biomarker biopsy. Clin Exp Metastasis 39, 61–69 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-021-10094-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-021-10094-y

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