Abstract
Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire is a brief 15-item self-report measure of quality of life and life satisfaction originally developed for clinical populations (6 to 17 years old). The current paper examines the initial factor structure proposed by the developers and underlying psychometric properties of the measure in a non-clinical population of teens. A cross-sectional adolescent sample (N = 3222) completed self-report measures as part of mental health promotion program. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with construct validity analyses. The original factor structure was replicated with strong internal consistency (Cronbach α = .912). Strong construct validity (e.g. resilience, well-being, depression, and anxiety) was found. Minimal differences were found based on gender, race, and ethnicity. PQ-LES-Q has strong, replicable psychometric properties, which makes it a generally reliable and valid assessment tool to evaluate the quality of life and life satisfaction in adolescents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Merikangas KR et al (2010) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49(10):980–989
Deighton J et al (2014) Measuring mental health and wellbeing outcomes for children and adolescents to inform practice and policy: a review of child self-report measures. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 8(1):14
Bastiaansen D et al (2004) Measuring quality of life in children referred for psychiatric problems: psychometric properties of the PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales. Qual Life Res 13(2):489–495
Wallander JL, Koot HM (2016) Quality of life in children: a critical examination of concepts, approaches, issues, and future directions. Clin Psychol Rev 45:131–143
Bertha EA, Balazs J (2013) Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(10):589–603
Jonsson U et al (2017) Annual research review: quality of life and childhood mental and behavioural disorders–a critical review of the research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 58(4):439–469
Gartland D et al (2011) Development of a multi-dimensional measure of resilience in adolescents: the adolescent resilience questionnaire. BMC Med Res Methodol 11:134
Watson HJ, Swan A, Nathan PR (2011) Psychiatric diagnosis and quality of life: the additional burden of psychiatric comorbidity. Compr Psychiatry 52(3):265–272
Jacoby RJ et al (2014) Predictors of quality of life and functional impairment in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 55(5):1195–1202
Masellis M, Rector NA, Richter MA (2003) Quality of life in OCD: differential impact of obsessions, compulsions, and depression comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 48(2):72–77
Jawad S et al (2017) A pilot randomised controlled trial evaluating mini and conventional implant retained dentures on the function and quality of life of patients with an edentulous mandible. BMC Oral Health 17(1):53
Walker DJ et al (2017) Quality of life in children and adolescents with bipolar I depression treated with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 11(1):34
Rush AJ et al (2019) Toward a very brief quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire. J Affect Disord 242:87–95
Bastiaansen D et al (2004) Quality of life in children with psychiatric disorders: self-, parent, and clinician report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(2):221–230
Sawyer MG et al (2002) Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with mental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(5):530–537
Endicott J et al (2006) Pediatric quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire (PQ-LES-Q): reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(4):401–407
Endicott J et al (1993) Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull 29(2):321–326
Pohl RB, Wolkow RM, Clary CM (1998) Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder: a double-blind multicenter trial. Am J Psychiatry 155(9):1189–1195
Seidman SN, Rabkin JG (1998) Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression. J Affect Disord 48(2–3):157–161
Freeman EW et al (2000) Predictors of response to sertraline treatment of severe premenstrual syndromes. J Clin Psychiatry 61(8):579
Rapaport MH et al (2000) Is placebo response the same as drug response in panic disorder? Am J Psychiatry 157(6):1014–1016
Wellen B et al (2017) Examining the psychometric properties of the pediatric quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire in two samples of youth with OCD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 48(1):180–188
Bentley N, Hartley S, Bucci S (2019) Systematic review of self-report measures of general mental health and wellbeing in adolescent mental health. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 22(2):225–252
Bernstein IH et al (2010) Psychometric properties of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 19(4):185–194
Spitzer RL et al (2006) A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166(10):1092–1097
Bech P et al (2003) Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 mental health subscale and the WHO-five well-being scale. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 12(2):85–91
Anderson JR, Killian M, Hughes JL, Rush AJ, Trivedi M (2020) The adolescent resilience questionnaire: validation of a shortened version in US youths. Front Psychol 11:3319
Muthén LK, M.B., Mplus user’s guide, 8th edn. 1998–2018: Muthén and Muthén
Kline RB (2015) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications, New York
Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 6(1):1–55
Tucker LR, Lewis C (1973) A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 38(1):1–10
Brown TA (2015) Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications, New York
Hoffman ML (2001) Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the participants, families, staff, and colleagues who made this project possible. Bruce D. Grannemann, M.A., sadly died in the course of this project, but his efforts, energy, and dedication were invaluable for the research. The authors also thank Luis Gutierrez, MS, for his role in this project and the CDRC Risk and Resilience Network team. Finally, we thank Happy Carlock, B.A., for editorial support.
Funding
The Youth Aware of Mental Health program was funded in part by the Rees-Jones Foundation, REDCap (UL1 TR001105), and the Hersh Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the various funding organizations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Dr. Hughes has served as Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) trainer, consulting for Mental Health in Mind International. Dr. Hughes also receives royalties from Guilford Press. A. John Rush has received consulting fees from Compass Inc., Curbstone Consultant LLC, Emmes Corp., Holmusk, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen), Liva-Nova, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., Otsuka-US, Sunovion; speaking fees from Liva-Nova, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen); and royalties from Guilford Press and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (for the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and its derivatives). He is also named co-inventor on two patents: U.S. Patent No. 7,795,033: Methods to Predict the Outcome of Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S, Wilson AS; and U.S. Patent No. 7,906,283: Methods to Identify Patients at Risk of Developing Adverse Events During Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S.Dr. Trivedi has served as an adviser or consultant for Abbott Laboratories, Abdi Ibrahim, Akzo (Organon Pharmaceuticals), Alkermes, AstraZeneca, Axon Advisors, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Cerecor, CME Institute of Physicians, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Evotec, Fabre Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Global Services, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, Johnson and Johnson PRD, Libby, Lundbeck, Meade Johnson, MedAvante, Medtronic, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Development America, Naurex, Neuronetics, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pamlab, Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, PgxHealth, Phoenix Marketing Solutions, Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Ridge Diagnostics, Roche Products, Sepracor, Shire Development, Sierra, SK Life and Science, Sunovion, Takeda, Tal Medical/Puretech Venture, Targacept, Transcept, VantagePoint, Vivus, and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories; he has received grants or research support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Cyberonics, NARSAD, NIDA, and NIMH. Drs. Anderson, Killian, Fuller, Byerly, and Lindow have no disclosures to report.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anderson, J.R., Killian, M., Fuller, A. et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire in a General Youth Population. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 53, 546–553 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01148-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01148-z