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Ecological Correlates of Depression and Self-Esteem in Rural Youth

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Abstract

The current study examines individual-, social-, and school-level characteristics influencing symptoms of depression and self-esteem among a large sample (N = 4,321) of U.S. youth living in two rural counties in the South. Survey data for this sample of middle-school students (Grade 6 to Grade 8) were part of the Rural Adaptation Project. Data were analyzed using ordered logistic regression. Results show that being female, having a low income, and having negative relationships with parents and peers are risk factors that increase the probability of reporting high levels of depressive symptoms and low levels of self-esteem. In contrast, supportive relationships with parents and peers, high religious orientation, ethnic identity, and school satisfaction increased the probability of reporting low levels of depressive symptoms and high levels of self-esteem. There were few school-level characteristics associated with levels of depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Implications are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided through a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (5 U01 CE001948-03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. North Carolina Academic Center for Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Paul R. Smokowski, Caroline B. R. Evans, Katie L. Cotter & Shenyang Guo

  2. School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB # 3550, 325 Pittsboro Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3550, USA

    Paul R. Smokowski

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  1. Paul R. Smokowski
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Correspondence to Caroline B. R. Evans.

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Smokowski, P.R., Evans, C.B.R., Cotter, K.L. et al. Ecological Correlates of Depression and Self-Esteem in Rural Youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45, 500–518 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0420-8

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