Abstract
This study examined the association of ringleader bullying with psychopathic traits and theory of mind among 100 youth aged 10–15 (62 boys and 38 girls) receiving inpatient psychiatric services at a state facility. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated a positive association between ringleader bullying and psychopathic narcissism, and a significant interaction effect between narcissism and theory of mind. More specifically, narcissism moderated the relationship between theory of mind and ringleader bullying such that theory of mind was positively associated with ringleader bullying when levels of narcissism were high, and theory of mind was negatively associated ringleader bullying when levels of narcissism were low. The discussion of these results focuses on the importance of developing effective treatment techniques for youth whose bullying behavior is associated with narcissistic features and social acuity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Batsche GM (1998) Bullying. In: Bear GG, Minke KM, Thomas A (eds) Children’s needs II: development, problems and alternatives. National Association of School Psychologists, Bethesda, pp 171–179
Smith PK, Brain P (2000) Bullying in schools: lessons from two decades of research. Aggr Behav 26:1–9
Department for Education and Skills (1994) Don’t suffer in silence: an anti-bullying pack for the schools. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London
Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J (1999) Bullying and ‘theory of mind’: a critique of the ‘social skills deficit’ view of anti-social behaviour. Soc Dev 8:117–127
Pellegrini AD, Bartini M, Brooks F (1999) School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims. Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. J Educ Psychol 91:216–224
Rodkin PC, Farmer TW, Pearl R, Van Acker R (2000) Heterogeneity of popular boys: antisocial and prosocial configurations. Dev Psychol 36:14–24
Salmivalli C, Lagerspetz K, Björkqvist K, Österman K, Kaukiainen A (1996) Bullying as a group process: participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggr Behav 22:1–15
Sutton J, Smith PK (1999) Bulling as a group process: adaptation of the participant role approach. Aggr Behav 25:97–111
Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J (1999) Social cognition and bullying: social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? Brit J Dev Psychol 17:435–450
Kerig PK, Stellwagen KK (2010) Roles of callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism in childhood aggression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32:343–352
Washburn JJ, McMahon KingCA, Reinecke MA, Silver C (2004) Narcisistic features in young adolescents: relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 33:247–260
Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AM, Zalot AA (2004) Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley’s hypothesis. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:731–742
Frick PJ, Hare RD (2001) The antisocial process screening device. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Barry CT, Frick PJ, Deshazo TM, McCoy MG, Ellis M, Loney BR (2000) The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children. J Abnorm Psychol 109:335–340
Barry CT, Pickard JD, Ansel LL (2009) The associations of adolescent invulnerability and narcissism with problem behaviors. Pers Indiv Differ 47:577–582
Baumeister RF, Smart L, Bodin JM (1996) Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem. Psychol Rev 103:5–33
Bleiberg E (1994) Normal and pathological narcissism in adolescence. Am J Psychother 48:30–51
Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF (1998) Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to aggression? J Pers Soc Psychol 75:219–229
Salmivalli C (2001) Feeling good about oneself, being bad to others? Remarks on self-esteem, hostility, and aggressive behavior. Aggr Violent Behav 6:375–393
Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A, Kaistaniemi L, Lagerspetz KM (1999) Self-evaluated self-esteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egotism as predictors of adolescents’ participation in bullying situation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 10:1268–1278
Farrington D (1992) Understanding and preventing bullying. In: Tonry M, Morris N (eds) Crime and justice: an annual review of research, vol 17. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 381–458
Ryan EP, Hart VS, Messick DL, Aaron J, Burnette M (2004) A prospective study of assault against staff by youths in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatr Serv 55:665–670
Sharfstein SS (2008) Reducing restraint and seclusion: a view from the trenches. Psychiatr Serv 59:197
Painter K (2009) Multisystemic therapy as community-based treatment for youth with severe emotional disturbance. Res Soc Work Pract 19:314–324
Villani S, Sharfstein SS (1999) Evaluating and treating violent adolescents in the managed care era. Am J Psychiatry 156:458–464
Caputo AA, Frick PJ, Brodsky SL (1999) Family violence and juvenile sex offending: the potential mediating role of psychopathic traits and negative attitudes toward women. Crim Justice Behav 26:338–356
Gretton HM, McBride M, Hare RD, O’Shaughnessy R, Kumka G (2001) Psychopathy and recidivism in adolescent sex offenders. Crim Justice Behav 28:427–449
Caldwell M, Skeem JL, Salekin RT, Van Rybroek G (2006) Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: a 2-year follow-up. Crim Justice Behav 33:571–596
Kerig PK (2003) Acuity and refusal rates among CPI child and adolescent admissions: 2002–2003. Technical report, Research Committee, John Umstead Hospital
Blader JC, Abikoff H, Foley C, Koplewicz HS (1994) Children’s behavioral adaptation early in psychiatric hospitalization. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 35:709–721
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC
Cohen Y, Spirito A, Apter A, Saini S (1997) A cross-cultural comparison of behavior disturbance and suicidal behavior among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents in Israel and the United States. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 28:89–102
Frick PJ, Bodin SD, Barry CT (2000) Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychol Assess 12:382–393
Happé F (1994) An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J Autism Dev Disord 14:385–389
Happé F, Winner E, Brownell H (1998) The getting of wisdom: theory of mind in old age. Dev Psychol 34:358–362
Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173–1182
Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: TESTING and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newbury Park
Myers WC, Burket RC, Harris HE (1995) Adolescent psychopathy in relation to delinquent behaviors, conduct disorder, and personality disorders. J Forensic Sci 40:436–440
Stafford E, Cornell DG (2003) Psychopathy scores predict adolescent inpatient aggression. Assessment 10:102–112
Stellwagen KK, Kerig PK (2010) Relation of callous-unemotional traits to length of stay among youth hospitalized at a state psychiatric inpatient facility. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:251–261
Stellwagen KK, Kerig PK (2010) Relating callous-unemotional traits to physically restrictive treatment measures among child psychiatric inpatients. J Child Fam Stud 19:588–595
Rodkin PC, Farmer TW, Pearl R, Van Acker R (2000) Heterogeneity of popular boys: antisocial and prosocial configurations. Dev Psychol 36:14–24
Pellegrini AD, Bartini M, Brooks F (1999) School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims. Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. J Educ Psychol 91:216–224
Chandler MJ (1973) Egocentrism and antisocial behavior: the assessment and training of social perspective-taking skills. Dev Psychol 9:326–332
Agee VL (1979) Treatment of the violent incorrigible adolescent. Lexington, Lexington
Short RJ, Simmeonsson RJ (1986) Social cognition and aggression in delinquent adolescent males. Adolescence 81:159–176
Kaukiainen A, Bjorkqvist K, Lagerspetz KM, Osterman K, Salmivalli C, Rothburg S et al (1999) The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggr Behav 25:81–89
Hazler RJ (1996) Breaking the cycle of violence: Interventions for bullying and victimization. Accelerated Press, Washington
Randall P (1997) Pre-school routes to bullying. In: Tattum D, Herbert G (eds) Bullying: home, school and community. Routledge, London
Kaukiainen A, Salmivalli C, Lagerspetz K, Tamminen M, Vauras M, Mäki H et al (2002) Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: connections to bully-victim problems. Scand J Psychol 43:269–278
Elliot SN, Gresham FM (2008) Social skills improvement system. Pearson, Bloomington
McGinnis E, Sprafkin RP, Gershaw NJ, Klein P (2012) Skillstreaming the adolescent: a guide for teaching prosocial skills—third edition. Research Press, Champaign
Wong S, Hare RD (2005) Guidelines for a psychopathy treatment program. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Salekin RT, Worley C, Grimes RD (2010) Treatment of psychopathy: a review and brief introduction to the mental models approach for psychopathy. Behav Sci Law 28:235–266
Forth AE, Maillox DL (2000) Psychopathy in youth: What do we know? In: Weinar IB (ed) The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, pp 25–54
Losel F (2001) Is effective treatment of psychopathy possible? What we know and what we need to know. In: Raine A, Sanmartin J (eds) Violence and psychopathy. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 171–195
Salekin RT, Tippey JG, Allen AD (2012) Treatment of conduct problem youth with interpersonal callous traits using mental models: measurement of risk and change. Behav Sci Law 30:470–486
Harris GT, Rice ME (2006) Treatment of psychopathy: a review of empirical findings. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford, New York, pp 555–572
Kolko DJ, Pardini DA (2010) ODD dimensions, ADHD, and callous-unemotional traits as predictors of treatment response in children with disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 119:713–725
Caldwell MF, Skeem JL, Salekin RT, Van Rybroek GJ (2006) Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: a 2-year follow-up. Crim Justice Behav 33:571–596
Dolan MC, Anderson IM (2003) The relationship between serotonergic function and the psychopathy checklist: screening version. J Psychopharmacol 17:216–222
Sadeh N, Javani S, Jackson JJ, Reynolds EK, Potenza MN, Gelernter J et al (2010) Serotonin transporter gene associations with psychopathic traits in youth vary as a function of socioeconomic resources. J Abnorm Psychol 119:604–609
Salmivalli C, Voeten M (2004) Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. Int J Behav Dev 28:246–248
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stellwagen, K.K., Kerig, P.K. Ringleader Bullying: Association with Psychopathic Narcissism and Theory of Mind Among Child Psychiatric Inpatients. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44, 612–620 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0355-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0355-5