Abstract
This study obtained teacher ratings of impulsivity, callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism for a sample of 252 middle school children, and investigated the extent to which these variables were related to reactive versus proactive aggression and physical versus relational aggression. Results showed a main effect for gender, with boys rated highest on all measures of psychopathy and aggression, with the exception of relational aggression. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions showed that whereas impulsivity was associated with all types of aggression, CU traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism were differentially related to specific forms of childhood aggression. In addition, Machiavellianism mediated the relationship between narcissism and relational aggression. Implications for fine-tuning interventions in ways that account for the motivators underlying subtypes of childhood aggression are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barnett, M. A., & Thompson, S. (1985). The role of perspective taking and empathy in children's Machiavellianism, prosocial behavior, and motive for helping. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146, 295–305.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Deshazo, T. M., McCoy, M. G., Ellis, M., & Loney, B. R. (2000). The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 335–340.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Killian, A. L. (2003). The relation of narcissism to self-esteem and conduct problems in children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 139–152.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Adler, K. K., & Grafeman. (2007). The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents: Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 508–521.
Barry, C. T., Guelker, M., & Wallace, M. (in press). Developmental and theoretical influences on the conceptualization and assessment of youth narcissism. In C. Barry, P. Kerig, K. Stellwagen & T. Barry (Eds.), The emergence of “dark” personalities: Early manifestations of narcissism and Machiavellianism. Washington: APA Press.
Barry, C. T., Kerig, P. K., Stellwagen, K. K., & Barry, T. (in press). The emergence of “dark” personalities: Early manifestations of narcissism and Machiavellianism. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Blair, R. J., Colledge, E., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 491–498.
Braginsky, D. D. (1970). Machiavellianism and manipulative interpersonal behavior in children. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 77–99.
Caldwell, M., Skeem, J. L., Salekin, R. T., & Van Rybroek, G. (2006). Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: A two year follow-up. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 571–596.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (eds). (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. NY: Academic.
Cleckley, H. (1941/1988). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). Augusta, GA: Emily S. Cleckley.
Crick, N. A., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.
Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there'd be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 599–607.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–1158.
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 14, 454–469.
Frick, P. J., & Ellis, M. (1999). Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 149–168.
Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). Antisocial process screening device. Toronto, ON: MHS.
Frick, P. J., & Marsee, M. A. (2006). Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 353–374). NewYork: Guilford.
Frick, P. J., Cornell, A., Bodin, D., Dane, H., Barry, C. T., & Loney, B. R. (2003a). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 246–260.
Frick, P. J., Kimonis, E. R., Dandreaux, D. M., & Farell, J. M. (2003b). The 4 year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21, 713–736.
Hawley, P. H. (2003). Prosocial and coercive configurations of resource control in early adolescence: A case for the well-adapted Machiavellian. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 279–309.
Hawley, P. H., Little, T. D., & Pasupathi, M. (2002). Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 466–474.
Johnson, D. R., & Foster, S. L. (2005). The relationship between relational aggression in kindergarten children and friendship stability, mutuality, and peer liking. Early Education and Development, 16, 141–160.
Kaukiainen, A., Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Tamminen, M., Vauras, M., Mäki, H., et al. (2002). Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: Connections to bully-victim problems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 269–278.
Kerig, P. K., & Sink, H. E. (in press). The new scoundrel on the schoolyard: Contributions of Machiavellianism to the understanding of youth aggression. In C. Barry, P. Kerig, K. Stellwagen & T. Barry (Eds.), The emergence of “dark” personalities: Early manifestations of narcissism and Machiavellianism. Washington: APA Press.
Larson, J., & Lochman, J. E. (2002). Helping schoolchildren cope with anger: a cognitive-behavioral intervention. New York: Guilford.
Loney, B. R., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B., Ellis, M. K., Kerlin, K. (2003). Callous–unemotional traits, impulsivity, and emotional processing in adolescents with antisocial behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 66–80
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173–181.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104.
McHoskey, J. (1995). Narcissism and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 77, 755–759.
McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Szyarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 192–210.
McIlwain, D. (2003). Bypassing empathy: A Machiavellian theory of mind and sneaky power. In B. Repacholi & V. Slaughter (Eds.), Individual differences in theory of mind: implications for typical and atypical development (pp. 39–66). NY: Psychology Press.
Nelson, D. A., & Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Implications for childhood physical and relational aggression. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 161–189). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. (1999). The bullying prevention program: blueprints for violence prevention. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563.
Repacholi, B., Slaughter, V., Pritchard, M., & Gibbs, V. (2003). Theory of mind, Machiavellianism, and social functioning in childhood. In B. Repacholi & V. Slaughter (Eds.), Individual differences in theory of mind (pp. 67–97). NY: Psychology Press.
Salekin, R. T. (2006). Psychopathy in children and adolescents: Key issues in conceptualization and assessment. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 389–414). New York: Guilford.
Salekin, R. T. (2002). Psychopathy and therapeutic pessimism: Clinical lore or clinical reality? Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 79–112.
Salekin, R. T., Neumann, C. S., Leistico, A. R., & Zalot, A. A. (2004). Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: An investigation of Cleckley's hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 731–742.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395.
Smithmyer, C. M., Hubbard, J. A., & Simons, R. F. (2000). Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: Relations to aggression outcome expectancies. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 86–93.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.
Stellwagen, K. K. (in press). Psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism: Distinct yet intertwining personality constructs. In C. Barry, P. Kerig, K. Stellwagen & T. Barry (Eds.), The emergence of “dark” personalities: Early manifestations of narcissism and Machiavellianism. Washington: APA Press.
Stellwagen, K. K., Kerig, P. K., & Sink, H. E. (2006, August). Emotion Recognition Ability + Narcissism = Ringleader Bullying. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
Sutton, J., & Keogh, E. (2000). Social competition in school: Relationships with bullying, Machiavellianism and personality. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 443–456.
Sutton, J., & Keogh, E. (2001). Components of Machiavellian beliefs in children: Relationships with personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 137–148.
Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435–450.
Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2001). 'It's easy, it works, and it makes me feel good'-a response to Arsenio and Lemerise. Social Development, 10, 74–78.
Washburn, J. J., McMahon, S. D., King, C. A., Reinecke, M. A., & Silver, C. (2004). Narcissistic features in young adolescents: relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 33, 247–260.
Wilson, D. S., Near, D., & Miller, R. R. (1996). Machiavellianism: a synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 285–299.
Wolke, D., Woods, S., & Karstadt, L. (2001). Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 197–201.
Wong, S., & Hare, R. D. (2005). Guidelines for a psychopathy treatment program. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Woodworth, M., & Waschbusch, D. (2008). Emotional processing in children with conduct problems and callous/unemotional traits. Child: Care, Health & Development, 34, 234–244.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the staff, teachers, parents, and students of Bridgetown, Talawanda, and New Miami Middle Schools, and the Miami University students who assisted with data collection. This research was supported by the Ohio Department of Mental Health, Grant No. 07.1224.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kerig, P.K., Stellwagen, K.K. Roles of Callous-Unemotional Traits, Narcissism, and Machiavellianism in Childhood Aggression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32, 343–352 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9168-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9168-7