Abstract
To realize the biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and sustained antibacterial properties of medical materials, it is feasible to introduce antibacterial material components into biomass matrix to prepare medical materials. Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) was in-situ synthesized in bacterial cellulose (BC) dispersion and filtered into a film, and the BC/ZnO composite film was further immersed in sodium alginate (Alg) solution to construct the second layer structure. The microstructure, mechanical strength, and antibacterial properties of the composite films were investigated systematically. The tensile strength of the BC/ZnO/CAlg sample was achieved at 16.5 ± 2.4 MPa, much higher than that of the Zn2+ crosslinked CAlg film of 11.5 ± 1.2 MPa. The Zn2+ cross-linked Alg in the outer layer and the BC/ZnO composite film in the inner layer combined to create a synergistic effect. This secondary structure design ensures good hydrophilicity and hygroscopicity of the material which enables the sustained-release migration of Zn2+ from the inner layer to the outer layer. Finally, the BC/ZnO/CAlg composite film possesses excellent antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, this work systematically expounds on the antibacterial and slow-release mechanism of secondary structure composite membranes. The results will provide a database and theoretical reference for applying BC/ZnO/CAlg composite membranes in the medical field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aycan D, Selmi B, Kelel E, Yildirim T, Alemdar N (2019) Conductive polymeric film loaded with ibuprofen as a wound dressing material. Eur Polym J 121:109308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109308
Chalitangkoon J, Wongkittisin M, Monvisade P (2020) Silver loaded hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel films for controlled drug release wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 159:194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.061
Dong HB, Zhang SH, Yang LG, Wang N, Chen SJ, Ma JW, Li JW (2021) Cu/Zn galvanic couples composite antibacterial dressings prepared by template-assisted magnetron sputtering. Compos B Eng 224:109240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109240
Dwivedi LM, Baranwal K, Gupta S, Mishra M, Sundaram S, Singh V (2020) Antibacterial nanostructures derived from oxidized sodium alginate-ZnO. Int J Biol Macromol 149:1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.011
Eerdenbrugh EV, Alonzo DE, Taylor LS (2011) Influence of particle size on the ultraviolet spectrum of particulate-containing solutions: implications for in-situ concentration monitoring using UV/Vis fiber-optic probes. Pharm Res 28(7):1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0399-4
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21(2):885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Janpetch N, Saito N, Rujiravanit R (2016) Fabrication of bacterial cellulose-ZnO composite via solution plasma process for antibacterial applications. Carbohydr Polym 148:335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.066
Jiang Y, Yu G, Zhou Y, Liu YY, Feng YH, Li JC (2020) Effects of sodium alginate on microstructural and properties of bacterial cellulose nanocrystal stabilized emulsions. Colloid Surf 607:125474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125474
Katepetch C, Rujiravanit R, Tamura H (2013) Formation of nanocrystalline ZnO particles into bacterial cellulose pellicle by ultrasonic-assisted in situ synthesis. Cellulose 20(3):1275–1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9892-8
Lee K, Jeon Y, Kim G, Kim U, Hong C, Choung JW, You J (2021) Double-crosslinked cellulose nanofiber based bioplastic films for practical applications. Carbohydr Polym 260:117817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117817
Lee KY, Mooney DJ (2012) Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 37(1):106–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003
Li JD, Li YB, Wang XJ, Yang WH, Zhou G (2006) Antibacterial effect and the mechanism of Cu2+, Zn2+ bearing nano-hydroxyapatite. J Inorg Mater 21(1):162–168. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-324X.2006.01.027
Maria L, Santos A, Oliveira PC, Valle A, Barud H, Messaddep Y, Ribeiro S (2010) Preparation and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles impregnated in bacterial cellulose. Polímeros 20(1):72–77. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282010005000001
Mohammad AR, Saeed RZ, Imani S (2012) Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial effects. Afr J Biomed Res 11(34):8520–8526. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.551
Nie HR, He AH, Wu WL, Zheng JF, Xu SS, Li JX, Han C (2009) Effect of poly (ethylene oxide) with different molecular weights on the electrospinnability of sodium alginate. Polymer 50(20):4926–4934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.043
Pal S, Nisi R, Stoppa M, Licciulli A (2017) Silver-functionalized bacterial cellulose as antibacterial membrane for wound-healing applications. ACS Omega 2(7):3632–3639. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00442
Pogorelova N, Rogachev E, Digel I, Chernigova S, Nardin D (2020) Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites: morphology and mechanical properties. Materials 13(12):2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122849
Qian Z, Kang HF, Bielec M, Wu XP, Cheng Q, Wei WY, Dai HL (2018) Influence of different divalent ions cross-linking sodium alginate-polyacrylamide hydrogels on antibacterial properties and wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 197:292–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.078
Qin YM (2007) Alginate fibers: an overview of the production processes and applications in wound management. Polym Int 57(2):171–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2296
Shen W, Hsieh YL (2014) Biocompatible sodium alginate fibers by aqueous processing and physical crosslinking. Carbohydr Polym 102:893–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.066
Sirelkhatim A, Shahrom M, Seeni A, Kaus N, Ann L, Bakhori S, Hasan H, Mohamad D (2015) Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Letters 7(3):219–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
Sun XY, Zhang H, Wang J, Dong MN, Jia P, Bu T, Wang QZ, Wang L (2021) Sodium alginate-based nanocomposite films with strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties enhanced by polyphenol-rich kiwi peel extracts bio-reduced silver nanoparticles. Food Packaging Shelf Life 29:100741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100741
Varaprasad K, Raghavendra GM, Jayaramudu T, Seo J (2016) Nano zinc oxide–sodium alginate antibacterial cellulose fibres. Carbohydr Polym 135:349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.078
Wahid F, Hu XH, Chu LQ, Jia SR, Xie YY, Zhong C (2018) Development of bacterial cellulose/chitosan based semi-interpenetrating hydrogels with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 122:380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.105
Wang Q, Zhang L, Liu YY, Zhang GQ, Zhu P (2019) Characterization and functional assessment of alginate fibers prepared by metal-calcium ion complex coagulation bath. Carbohydr Polym 232:115693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115693
Wu J, Zheng YD, Wen X, Lin QH, Chen XH, Wu ZG (2014) Silver nanoparticle/bacterial cellulose gel membranes for antibacterial wound dressing: investigation in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Mater 9(3):035005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/9/3/035005
Yang JS, Zheng HC, Han SY, Jiang ZD, Chen X (2014) The synthesis of nano-silver/sodium alginate composites and their antibacterial properties. RSC Adv 5(4):2378–2382. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12836B
Yang TT, Wang DH, Liu XY (2019) Antibacterial activity of an NIR-induced Zn ions release film. J Mater Chem B 8(3):406–415. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB02258A
Yang XM, Hou JW, Tian Y, Zhao JY, Sun QQ, Zhou SB (2022a) Antibacterial surfaces: strategies and applications. Sci China Technol Sc 65:1000–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1962-x
Yang HB, Liu ZX, Yin CH, Han ZM, Guan QF, Zhao YX, Ling ZC, Liu HC, Yang KP, Sun WB, Yu SH (2022b) Edible, ultrastrong, and microplastic-free bacterial cellulose-based straws by biosynthesis. Adv Funct Mater 32(15):2111713. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111713
Zeng N, Jiang LR, Miao QS, Zhi YF, Shan SY, Su HY (2021) Preparation and applications of the polymeric micelle/hydrogel nanocomposites as biomaterials. J Biomed Eng 38(3):609–620. https://doi.org/10.7507/1001-5515.202011024
Zhang SW, Han D, Ding ZX, Wang X, Zhao D, Hu Y, Xiao XC (2019) Fabrication and characterization of one interpenetrating network hydrogel based on sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 34(3):744–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-019-2112-0
Zhang L, Zheng S, Hu ZH, Zhong LL, Wang Y, Zhang XM, Xue JQ (2020) Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol/bacterial-cellulose-coated biochar–nanosilver antibacterial composite membranes. Appl Sci 10(3):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030752
Zhang E, Zhao XT, Hu JL, Wang RX, Fu S, Qin GW (2021a) Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants. Bioact Mater 6(8):2569–2612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.030
Zhang XM, Huang C, Mahmud S, Guo XY, Hu X, Jing YD, Su SP, Zhu J (2021b) Sodium alginate fasten cellulose nanocrystal Ag@AgCl ternary nanocomposites for the synthesis of antibacterial hydrogels. Compos Commun 25:100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100717
Zhang XM, Qin M, Xu MJ, Miao FY, Chaima M, Zhang XY, Wei Y, Chen WY, Huang D (2021c) The fabrication of antibacterial hydrogels for wound healing. Eur Polym J 146:110268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110268
Acknowledgments
Not applicable
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51903198), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (No. S2022-YF-YBNY-0187), Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (20JY025), Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (No. 2022JQ-775), Health Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Province (No.2022E020), Young Talents Fund of Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi (No. SWYY202210), 2021 China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC) Science and Technology Guidance Program (2021007), 2023 Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi’an Engineering University (chx2022030).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BS, TZ and KY carried out the experiment as well as the test characterization. GT and YD provided assistance in conceiving experiments and analyzing data. Jianhua Ma conceived the idea and designed the experiments. All the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Consent for publication
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Song, B., Zhang, T., Yang, K. et al. Zn2+ ions cross-linking sodium alginate encapsulated bacterial cellulose/ZnO composite film for antibacterial application. Cellulose 30, 7853–7864 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05371-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05371-w